The action of various lime soap dispersants

Sulfated diethanolamides of fatty acids are known to be effective lime soap dispersing agents. However, their preparation from fatty acids via fatty amides requires the use of organic solvents due to the high viscosity of both fatty amides and sulfated fatty amides. This study shows that the preparation of sulfated fatty amides is relatively easy when using olive pomace oil as the raw material. The latter, is converted into sulfated fatty amides by performing the following steps: saponification, hydrolysis, esterification, amidation, and sulfation. In the final step, the mixture obtained has sufficient fluidity, due to its high linoleic acid amide content, to obviate the use of organic solvents, as usually suggested in the literature. Characterization of the product was carried out by chemical analyses, FTIR, 13 C NMR, GC, and HPLC. It was shown that the yield of the amidation reaction is about 80%, and that of the sulfation reaction can exceed 100% against the pure amide (more than one sulfate group could be linked to one amide molecule). On the other hand, the Borghetty test showed that the product is an effective dispersant with a lime soap dispersing power equal to five.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of a Eutectic Mixture of Olive Pomace Oil Fatty Amides to Easily Prepare Sulfated Amides Applied as Lime Soap Dispersants

Rais

Baati

Damak

et al. 2008

The new toilet soaps

Herrick¹,

Jungermann²

1969

Toilet soap bars have undergone few major technical changes in the last century. Noteworthy improvements were floating soap, the development of effective deodorant and antibacterial soaps, the so‐called “hard water” bars, and advances in packaging technology. The trends in these areas toward product and process improvement will accelerate in the 1970's. New raw materials are becoming available which will give greater formulation flexibility, with emphasis towards greater mildness and effectiveness. Among these products are the synthetic fatty acids which could partially replace coconut acids, more effective broad spectrum antibacterial agents for better control of skin microorganisms, and mild detergent additives with good physical properties and less defatting tendency. In processing, the move is toward continuous soap‐making equipment in place of the old kettle processes which are still widely used. More powerful and specialized plodders are available; these will facilitate the development of new product types.

The calcium binding capacity of polycarboxylates

Richter

Winkler

Baur

1989

It can be shown both theoretically and experimentally that calcium carbonate forms during the titration of polycarboxylates by calcium with carbonate as the indicator, and that the calcium carbonate is dispersed by the polycarboxylate. If the dispersing capacity of the polymer exceeds the level of calcium carbonate present, the precipitation of the calcium salt of the polymer is observed as the end point. If the quantity of carbonate is increased to a level greater than that of the dispersing capacity of the polymer, the precipitation of calcium carbonate is observed as the end point, and we term the result of this titration the “calcium carbonate dispersing capacity.”