The acoustics of snoring

Pevernagie, Dirk; Aarts, Ronald M.; Meyer, Micheline De

doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2009.06.002

Cited by 218 publications

(208 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…21 Because snoring appears to be a subjective impression, 14 and there is no valid definition, 35 we used the loud (intensity > 50 dB) breathing sounds for the definition of snoring. 14,15 In the current study more than 97% of breathing sound events occurred during inspiration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 Several studies have addressed the issue of detection of snoring sounds from a recorded audio signal during sleep using signal processing and pattern recognition algorithms. 10,[17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Recently, we showed that audio-based features, extracted from audio recordings, can accurately detect, not only snoring sounds, but also sleep breathing sound events (intensity > 20 dB) even in a very quiet environment, with accuracy > 98%. 10 We also found that more than 97% of the snoring events occurred during inspiration; expiratory sound events are not common, confirming earlier reports.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10 We also found that more than 97% of the snoring events occurred during inspiration; expiratory sound events are not common, confirming earlier reports. 9,21 This approach of detection of breathing sounds was further validated to reliably estimate apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 24 and sleep-wake activity 25 in laboratory and at-home environments. It is commonly known that snoring intensity (dB) is higher for men than for women 13,21 and it is correlated with AHI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…9,21 This approach of detection of breathing sounds was further validated to reliably estimate apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) 24 and sleep-wake activity 25 in laboratory and at-home environments. It is commonly known that snoring intensity (dB) is higher for men than for women 13,21 and it is correlated with AHI. 9,13,15,21,28 However, some studies reported that there was no difference in the maximal snoring sound intensity between women and men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is commonly known that snoring intensity (dB) is higher for men than for women 13,21 and it is correlated with AHI. 9,13,15,21,28 However, some studies reported that there was no difference in the maximal snoring sound intensity between women and men. 29 To our knowledge, these claims were not completely investigated because the sound level meter that has been used in all of these studies captures all the sounds in the room and not just the relevant inspiratory sounds of snoring.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breathing and Snoring Sound Characteristics during Sleep in Adults

Levartovsky

Dafna

Zigel

et al. 2016

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Study Objectives: Sound level meter is the gold standard approach for snoring evaluation. Using this approach, it was established that snoring intensity (in dB) is higher for men and is associated with increased apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). In this study, we performed a systematic analysis of breathing and snoring sound characteristics using an algorithm designed to detect and analyze breathing and snoring sounds. The effect of sex, sleep stages, and AHI on snoring characteristics was explored. Methods: We consecutively recruited 121 subjects referred for diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea. A whole night audio signal was recorded using noncontact ambient microphone during polysomnography. A large number (> 290,000) of breathing and snoring (> 50 dB) events were analyzed. Breathing sound events were detected using a signal-processing algorithm that discriminates between breathing and nonbreathing (noise events) sounds. Results: Snoring index (events/h, SI) was 23% higher for men (p = 0.04), and in both sexes SI gradually declined by 50% across sleep time (p < 0.01) independent of AHI. SI was higher in slow wave sleep (p < 0.03) compared to S2 and rapid eye movement sleep; men have higher SI in all sleep stages than women (p < 0.05). Snoring intensity was similar in both genders in all sleep stages and independent of AHI. For both sexes, no correlation was found between AHI and snoring intensity (r = 0.1, p = 0.291).Conclusions: This audio analysis approach enables systematic detection and analysis of breathing and snoring sounds from a full night recording. Snoring intensity is similar in both sexes and was not affected by AHI.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Breathing and Snoring Sound Characteristics during Sleep in Adults

Levartovsky

Dafna

Zigel

et al. 2016

Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine

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Fluid–structure interaction modeling of upper airways before and after nasal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea

Wang

Liu

et al. 2012

Numer Methods Biomed Eng

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Nasal obstruction frequently has been associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Although correction of an obstructed nasal airway is considered an important component in OSA treatment, the effect of nasal surgery on OSA remains controversial. Variation in airway anatomy between before and after nasal surgery may cause significant differences in airflow patterns within the upper airway. In this paper, anatomically accurate models of the interaction between upper airway and soft palate were developed from prenasal and post-nasal surgery multidetector computed tomography data of a patient with OSA and nasal obstruction. Computational modeling for inspiration and expiration was performed by using fluid-structure interaction method. The airflow characteristics such as velocity, turbulence intensity and pressure drop, and displacement distribution of soft palate are selected for comparison. Airway resistances significantly decrease after the nasal surgery, especially in the velopharynx region because of an enlarged pharyngeal cavity and a reduced upstream resistance. Meanwhile, the decreased aerodynamic force would result in a smaller displacement of soft palates, which would lead to slight impact of the soft palate motion on the airflow characteristics. The present results suggest that airflow distribution in the whole upper airway and soft palate motions have improved following nasal surgery.

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