The accuracy of 2D ultrasound prenatal sex determination

Igbinedion, BO; Akhigbe, Theophilus O

doi:10.4103/0300-1652.103545

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A recent study showed that women are relieved when fetal gender is disclosed to them and a great majority of them remain happy even when the gender is not the desired type. [ 21 ] However on the other hand, the anxiety may be indicative of real danger for the woman as failure to have a male child could propel the husband to marry additional wife/wives. This desperation is because of societal pressure to perpetuate one's lineage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a study conducted in Benin City, Nigeria, the women were happy even when the desired gender was not found. [ 21 ] These diametrically opposed findings could be as a result of differences in the value system of the Igbos and people in Edo area. Loss of interest in a pregnancy as a result of undesired fetal gender may consequently lead to induced criminal abortion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Perception of male gender preference among pregnant Igbo women

Ohagwu¹,

Eze²,

Jc³

et al. 2014

Ann Med Health Sci Res

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Background:Male gender preference is a dominant feature of Igbo culture and could be the reason behind women seeking fetal gender at ultrasound.Aim:The aim of this study is to investigate the perception of prenatal ultrasound patients of male gender preference in a patriarchal and gender sensitive society.Subjects and Methods:The study was a cross-sectional survey, which targeted pregnant women who presented for prenatal ultrasound at four selected hospitals in Anambra State. A convenience sample size of 790 pregnant women constituted the respondents. The data collection instrument was a 13-item semi-structured self-completion questionnaire designed in line with the purpose of the study. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were carried out with statistical significance being considered at P < 0.05.Results:Most of the women (88.4%, 698/790) were aware that fetal gender can be determined during the prenatal ultrasound while just over half of them (61.0%, 482/790) wanted fetal gender disclosed to them during prenatal ultrasound. More than half (58.6%, 463/790) of the women desired to have male babies in their present pregnancies while 20.1% (159/790) desired female babies and 21.3% (168/790) did not care if the baby was male or female. Some of the women (22.2%, 175/790) wanted to have male babies in their present pregnancies for various reasons predominant of which was protecting their marriages and cementing their places in their husbands’ hearts. Male gender preference was strongly perceived. There was considerable anxiety associated with prenatal gender determination and moderate loss of interest in the pregnancy associated with disclosure of undesired fetal gender. Socio-demographic factors had significant influence on perception of male gender preference.Conclusion:Male gender preference is strongly perceived among Igbo women and its perception is significantly influenced by socio-demographic factors. Male gender preference may be responsible for Igbo women seeking fetal gender at ultrasound.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of male gender preference among pregnant Igbo women

Ohagwu¹,

Eze²,

Jc³

et al. 2014

Ann Med Health Sci Res

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“…Ultrasound in combination with abortion is a prenatal rather than a preimplantation technique for sex selection and is thus more invasive and associated with considerable medical risk. The sex of the fetus can be detected with ultrasound at week 11, at the earliest, which means that abortions may have medical risks, especially in low-income countries (Igbinedion & Akhigbe, 2012). 3 While this remains the most prevalent technique for sex selection in low-and middle-income countries (mostly used to select male children), it is rarely used in high-income countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Selection for Daughters: Demographic Consequences of Female-Biased Sex Ratios

Kolk

Jebari

2022

Popul Res Policy Rev

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Modern fertility techniques allow parents to carry out preimplantation sex selection. Sex selection for non-medical purposes is legal in many high-income countries, and social norms toward assisted reproductive technology are increasingly permissive and may plausibly become increasingly prevalent in the near future. We explore possible outcomes of widely observed daughter preferences in many high-income countries and explore the demographic consequences of the adoption of sex selection for daughters. While concerns over son preference have been widely discussed, sex selection that favors female children is a more likely outcome in high-income countries. If sex selection is adopted, it may bias the sex ratio in a given population. Male-biased populations are likely to experience slower population growth, which limits the long-term viability of corresponding cultural norms. Conversely, female-biased populations are likely to experience faster population growth. Cultural norms that promote female-biased sex ratios are as a consequence therefore also self-reinforcing. In this study, we explore the demographic consequences of a female-biased sex ratio for population growth and population age structure. We also discuss the technology and parental preferences that may give rise to such a scenario.

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“…Prenatal determination of fetal sex traditionally relies on ultrasound scan visualization of well-defined external genitalia anatomical features in second and third trimesters. More recently, however, other ultrasound markers such as the direction of the genital tubercle, anogenital distance, sagittal sign, and fetal heart rate (FHR) differences between sexes in the first trimester have been evaluated as reliable predictors of fetal gender [1,2]. This rising desire for first-trimester sex determination among women is believed to be due Sudan Journal of Medical Sciences Olufemi Adebari Oloyede and Mustafa Adelaja Lamina to mothers' desire for early planning of social aspects of pre-birthing activities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Statistically Significant Difference in the First-trimester Fetal Heart Rate between Genders?

Oloyede

Lamina

2022

Sudan JMS

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Background: The study aims to establish the pattern of fetal heart rates in the first and second trimesters and determine whether there is a statistically significant difference in the first-trimester fetal heart rate (FHR) of males and females. Methods: This retrospective observational research is a study of FHRs measured at 11+0–13+6 wk and 18+0–23+6 wk, and ultrasound scan-diagnosed fetal sex at 18+0–23+6 wk. Singleton fetuses with nonambiguous external genitalia were recruited. The FHR was measured in B or M mode with Pulsed Wave Doppler, while ultrasound appearance of external genitalia determined the fetal sex at 18+0–23+6 wk. Student’s t-test and Chi-square test were used for data analysis, and statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: A total of 2437 pregnancies meeting the study criteria were analyzed. The fetal sexes were 1398 (57.4%) males and 1039 (42.6%) females. There was no statistically significant difference in the first-trimester FHR between males and females (p = 0.74). However, females had higher mean FHR in both the first and second trimesters (First trimester: 165.4 ± 18.2 bpm vs 163.2 ± 17.1 bpm and Second trimester: 150.9 ±22.6 bpm vs 141.9 ±23.1 bpm). The FHR reduces with the increase in gestational age. Conclusion: There is no statistically significant difference in the first-trimester FHRs between sexes.

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The accuracy of 2D ultrasound prenatal sex determination

Cited by 10 publications

References 17 publications

Perception of male gender preference among pregnant Igbo women

Perception of male gender preference among pregnant Igbo women

Sex Selection for Daughters: Demographic Consequences of Female-Biased Sex Ratios

Statistically Significant Difference in the First-trimester Fetal Heart Rate between Genders?

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