“…Studies which found economic-based measures to be more useful rather than accounting-based variables included studies by Stewart (1991Stewart ( , 1994, Stern (1993), Milunovich and Tsuei (1996), O'Byrne (1996), Bacidore et al (1997), Dodd (1997, 2001), Hall (1999), Worthington and West (2004), Chmelikova (2008) and Lee and Kim (2009). By contrast, studies by Biddle et al (1997), Salvaiy (1997), Bao and Bao (1998), De Villiers and Auret (1998), De Wet (2005, Ismail (2006), Maditinos et al (2006Maditinos et al ( , 2009, Kyriazis and Anastassis (2007), Erasmus (2008), Kumar and Sharma (2011), Arabsalehi and Mahmoodi (2012), Abdoli et al (2012), Mollah et al (2012), Hall (2013) and Alloy Niresh and Alfred (2014) found that accounting-based variables performed better in explaining shareholder value creation than economic-based measures. It falls beyond the scope of this study to discuss the results of the abovementioned studies in more detail, but it is important to point out that the inconsistencies of their results may lead managers, investors, shareholders and researchers to ask the following questions:…”