The Academy and Cyberspace Ethics

Kittross, John M.; Gordon, Andras

doi:10.1207/s15327728jmme1803&4_9

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Consumers are often unaware that advertisers are using computer technology to remove unwanted traits from models until allegations or examples of digital alterations are made public (Huang, 2001;Kittross & Gordon, 2003). Although critics often complain that computer-generated images are deceptive and unethical, research that examines the assumption of consumer indifference to skin tone manipulation in print ads is scarce.…”

Section: Summary and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some industry executives believe that the prevalence of digital manipulation in advertising is a troubling trend (Moore, 2007). Advertising critics have called for warning labels on computer-generated images (Bawdon, 2007;Kittross & Gordon, 2003;Groskop, 2011). Others have suggested that the decision making process of companies using computer-generated images should be questioned (Harris, 1991) and that the limited presentations of ethnic models' skin tones should be rejected (Lueck, 2004).…”

Section: Summary and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Advertisers generate these images by employing digital manipulation techniques to remove imperfections and undesirable traits from models (Spurgin, 2003;Sweney, 2011). Thus, computer technology allows media professionals and advertisers to generate ideal images of beauty (Kittross & Gordon, 2003;Webber, 2000). Because of its ease of use, Responses to Public Allegations of Skin Tone Manipulation 397 speed, and inconspicuous nature, computer-generated imagery is now considered a standard industry practice (Huang, 2001;Reaves, Hitchon, Park, & Yun, 2004;Ritson, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With public exposure to allegations of computer-generated images in advertising on the rise (Kittross & Gordon, 2003), there is a call to research consumers' perceptions and behavioral intentions toward the use of computer technology to alter the appearance of models (Reaves et al, 2004;Watson, Thornton, & Engelland, 2010). This study examines consumers' ethical responses to one such image-altering technique in advertising that has received increasing scrutiny, skin tone manipulation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Ethical Responses to Public Allegations of Skin Tone Manipulation in Print Advertising: Consumer Indifference or Consumer Concern?

Watson¹,

DeJong²

2011

Journal of Promotion Management

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This study examines the effect of consumer prejudice on ethical responses to public allegations of skin tone manipulation in print advertising. A sample of 156 undergraduate business students read a fictitious news story in which an advertising watchdog group accused business executives of using digital manipulation to lighten the skin tone of a Black female model featured in a product print ad. Participants then answered questions on ethical perceptions, behavioral intentions, and prejudice toward Blacks. Results suggest that low-prejudice consumers have stronger ethical concerns toward the digital lightening of ethnic models in print ads than do high-prejudice consumers. The authors discuss the findings, limitations, and directions for future research.

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Section: Summary and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Ethical Responses to Public Allegations of Skin Tone Manipulation in Print Advertising: Consumer Indifference or Consumer Concern?

Watson¹,

DeJong²

2011

Journal of Promotion Management

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Constructivist and Constructionist Approaches to Graduate Teaching in Second Life

Talab

Botterbusch

2013

Ethical Technology Use, Policy, and Reactions in Educational Settings

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As a growing number of faculty use constructivist and constructionist approaches to teaching in SL, little research exists on the many ethical considerations and legal implications that affect course development. Following the experiences of the instructor and five students, their 12-week journey is documented through interviews, journals, blogs, weekly course activities, SL class dialogs, and in-world assignments. Additionally, five faculty and staff experts who taught or trained in SL at this university were also interviewed and consulted. Ethical considerations in constructivist and constructionist teaching were time, appearance, skills, scaffolded instruction, playful exploration, vicarious experience, self-directed project development, construction of objects, constructivism and constructionism balance, social networking and collaboration, harassment and griefing, false identities and alternate avatars, chat log sharing, and copyright and trademark violations. Lessons learned included developing scaffolded pedagogical approaches that moved from direct teaching to constructivism and constructionism, and required faculty and student adherence to the SL TOS, Community Standards, and Intellectual Property policy.

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Ethical and Legal Issues in Teaching and Learning in Second Life in a Graduate Online Course

Talab

Botterbusch

2013

Digital Rights Management

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As a growing number of faculty use SL as a teaching platform, outside of anecdotal articles and the legal literature, no research exists on the many legal and ethical issues that affect course development. Ethical issues include abuse (“griefing”) nudity and lewd behavior, and false/misleading identities. Legal issues include creation and use of copyrighted and trademarked items, faculty intellectual property rights in objects and course content, and criminal behavior. Following the experiences of the instructor and 5 students, their 12-week journey is documented through interviews, journals, weekly course activities, SL class dialogs, and in-world assignments. Additionally, 5 faculty and staff experts who teach or train in SL at this university were interviewed and consulted, as well. This study provides insight for designing courses that foster exploration of rich learning opportunities outside a traditional classroom-both real and virtual.

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The Academy and Cyberspace Ethics

Cited by 4 publications

References 4 publications

Ethical Responses to Public Allegations of Skin Tone Manipulation in Print Advertising: Consumer Indifference or Consumer Concern?

Ethical Responses to Public Allegations of Skin Tone Manipulation in Print Advertising: Consumer Indifference or Consumer Concern?

Constructivist and Constructionist Approaches to Graduate Teaching in Second Life

Ethical and Legal Issues in Teaching and Learning in Second Life in a Graduate Online Course

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