The absolute dating of Upper Pleistocene subSaharan fossil hominids and their place in human evolution

Protsch, Reiner

doi:10.1016/0047-2484(75)90069-x

Cited by 82 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…To assume, without evidence, that there were any unoccupied areas other than in deserts and high altitudes, is ingenuous. Therefore the model of wandering tribes in empty landscapes that eventually ran into the "Neanderthals" in Europe, implicit in the replacement hypothesis based on the African hoax (Protsch 1973(Protsch , 1975 [172,173,174,175,11362,68,187], is simply unrealistic, and contradicted by all the empirical evidence (Terberger & Street 2003;Schulz 2004;Bednarik 2007Bednarik , 2008aBednarik , 2008bBednarik , 2011aBednarik , 2011b [188,184,51,52,53,55,56].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa

Bednarik¹

2013

Arts

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This comprehensive review of all currently known Pleistocene rock art of Africa shows that the majority of sites are located in the continent's south, but that the petroglyphs at some of them are of exceptionally great antiquity. Much the same applies to portable palaeoart of Africa. The current record is clearly one of paucity of evidence, in contrast to some other continents. Nevertheless, an initial synthesis is attempted, and some preliminary comparisons with the other continents are attempted. Certain parallels with the existing record of southern Asia are defined.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa

Bednarik¹

2013

Arts

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“…By the early 1970s, there were already indications of an early presence of anatomically modern humans in Africa, for example from Omo Kibish and Border Cave (Day, 1969;De Villiers, 1973;Protsch, 1975). But at the same time there also seemed to be evidence for a later presence of big-browed archaics in sub-Saharan Africa, like the Eyasi cranium from Tanzania (Protsch, 1976; but see Klein, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia

Tobias¹,

Raath²,

Moggi‐Cecchi³

et al. 2001

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The first 2.5 million years of hominid history is characterized by limited dispersals similar to those of the living great apes whose home range sizes very little between years. Unlike our closest relative Pan, who are particulary vulnerable during dispersal because the distribution of their resources is highly habitat specific and predation takes a relatively higher toll than it does in r-selected animals, hominids are widely dispersed after 1.8 Ma. Hominid dispersal must have entailed either a shift in the types of resources exploited or a technological advance to ensure resource availability or both. Using data from ecology, geochronology, morphology, and paleontology we assess the initial hominid dispersal from Africa and the relationship to patterns of dispersal in nonhuman primates and large mammals of both 'widely dispersing' and 'non-dispersing' species. The dispersal rates of Plio/Pleistocene hominids differ from those of nonhuman primates and are typical of widely-dispersing large mammals. In fact, H. erectus first appears in Java almost immediately after its appearence in Africa, yet its first appearence in Java is contemporaneous with that of Colobus, Macaca, and Pongo that had already inhabited mainland Asia for millions of years. Although the timing of the first hominid dispersal pre-dates significant technological advances, the energy required by larger hominid body/brain sizes suggest a shift to exploitation of highprotein packages that, according to correlation between faunal and chronometric sequences, is itself dispersing. These data suggest that it is at the origin of H. erectus (sensu lato) that our uniquely human dispersal capabilities began to emerge and that this dispersal is not primarily due to the technological innovation of the Acheulean tradition. IntroductionThe global distribution of Homo sapiens contrasts with the restricted ranges of our closest living primate relative, Pan. Yet for some three million years after our lineages diverged, both were apparently exclusively African phenomena, as Pan remains today. These current biogeographic differences are reflected in home range (HR) sizes that are some 15 to 100 times greater in recent human huntergatherers than in Pan. (23 hectares in Pan, 330-2600 in humans; Leonard and Robertson, 2000). Although an extensive literature considers the significance of the behavioral repertoire that allows the final, relatively late, dispersal of Homo sapiens into Australasia, North and South America, and Siberia (e.g., Lindly & Clark, 1990;Roberts et al., 1991; Davidson & Noble, 1992; Jelinek, 1994; Waters et al., 1997), the origin of this difference in dispersal patterns is not well understood.The original hominid dispersal from Africa has been viewed as a largely hominid (technologically) driven rather than ecologically driven phenomenon. Such scenarios are based on the idea that widely dispersed ex-African hominids are not found before 1.0 ma (Pope, 1983) or are not found before the development of the Acheulean (Wolpoff, 1999), and thus that th...

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“…Olson and Broecker (1961) at 10,000 yr (L-650) using charcoal (Orr,1968 Upper Pleistocene hominid from vicinity of Paderborn (51 ° 43' N, 8° 44' E); date based on amino acids (Henke & Protsch, 1978 Upper Pleistocene hominid from Kelsterbach next to Frankfurt airport (50° 6' N, 8° 41' E). Date based on amino acids extracted from calotte (Protsch, 1986 Upper Pleistocene hominid from Hanofersand near Hamburg (53° 33' N, 10° E). From frontal bone (Brauer,1980).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This collagen was isolated according to the methods developed by Berger, Homey and Libby (1964), Ho, Marcus and Berger (1969), Longin (1971) and Protsch (1973). All samples were counted as CO2 gas at close to 1 atm in a 7.5L proportional counter with three energy channels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

UCLA Radiocarbon Dates XI

Berger

Protsch

1989

Radiocarbon

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The radiocarbon dates reported in this list are almost all based on collagen measurements from human archaeologic bone material. This collagen was isolated according to the methods developed by Berger, Horney and Libby (1964), Ho, Marcus and Berger (1969), Longin (1971) and Protsch (1973). All samples were counted as CO2 gas at close to 1 atm in a 7.5L proportional counter with three energy channels. The 14C dates reported are calculated with the Libby half-life of 5568 ± 30 years as required by convention. 13C measurements were used to normalize to −25‰ in the standard manner. The biospheric standard is 95% the count rate of NBS oxalic acid for radiocarbon laboratories. Background is based on CO2 obtained from marble. The accuracy of counter operation is checked against historically dated wood from the funerary boat of Sesostris III, 1872−8+4 bc (Hayes, 1962). The 14C ages are not tree-ring calibrated.

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The absolute dating of Upper Pleistocene subSaharan fossil hominids and their place in human evolution

Cited by 82 publications

References 49 publications

Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa

Pleistocene Palaeoart of Africa

Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia

UCLA Radiocarbon Dates XI

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