“…At the same time, Cancer development is promoted by a coordinated set of immune regulatory systems [ 24 ]. HSPA5, as an ER stress-related gene, is highly expressed in various malignant tumor tissues such as colorectal [ 25 ], liver [ 26 ], and breast cancers [ 27 ], which may lead to malignant biological behaviors such as proliferation, invasion, induction of chemotherapy resistance and immune escape of tumor cells. However, there is a lack of thorough investigations of the HSPA5 functional role to highlight the similarities and variations between various malignancies that would provide key insights to bolster cancer prevention and develop individualized treatment plans.…”