The abnormal expression of kisspeptin regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines, cell viability and apoptosis of macrophages in hyperandrogenism induced by testosterone

Pulsed Low-Intensity Focused Ultrasound (LIFU) Activation of Ovarian Follicles

“…A further investigation demonstrated that the introduction of intracapsular clodronate liposomes in mice led to a reduction in the frequency of ovulation and a postponement of the estrus cycle by removing ovarian macrophages [42]. Increasing evidence indicates that macrophages and the products that are released from macrophages are involved in a variety of ovarian dysfunctions, particularly in PCOS [43], and disproportionate ratios of M1 and M2 macrophages are often observed in models of PCOS [44], [45]. During the course of the current experiment, it was discovered that the PCOS model exhibited a decrease in the quantity of macrophages of both the M1 and M2 types, and LIFU stimulation could reverse this situation.…”

The role of macrophages in reproductive-related diseases

“…Cytokines secreted by splenic macrophages from PCOS mouse stimulated androstenedione production by granulosa cells and inhibited estradiol production, but the exact cytokines are unknown [ 66 ]. Excessive androgen inhibited the macrophage viability and increased macrophage apoptosis [ 67 ], and promoted pro-inflammatory cytokines expression, such as TNF-α [ 68 ]. The increased TNF-α in turn inhibited estradiol production [ 68 ].…”

“… Li et al. [ 67 ] 1. Excessive androgen inhibited the macrophage viability and increased macrophage apoptosis Huang et al.…”