The Abbreviated Mental Test: Its Use and Validity

Jitapunkul, Sutthichai; Pillay, Isweri; Ebrahim, Shah

doi:10.1093/ageing/20.5.332

Cited by 225 publications

(161 citation statements)

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“…24 Demographic data included age, gender, ethnicity (white, black, and other ethnicity), employment status reported by patient (paid work full-time or part-time, unable to work because of disability, retired, and other), and living conditions before stroke (alone, with someone, or in an institution). Case severity measures included Glasgow coma scale score, categorized as severe (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8), moderate (9 -12), and mild (13)(14)(15) 25,26 Other variables assessed included dysphagia, hemianopia, neglect, dysphasia, dysarthria, hemiparesis, cerebellar symptoms, and type of stroke (infarct, primary intracranial hemorrhage, subarachnoid hemorrhage, and undefined). Activities of daily living were assessed 7 days after stroke using the Barthel Index; 27 severe disability is indicated by scores 0 to 14, moderate disability is indicated by scores 15 to 19, and score of 20 indicates the subject is independent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural History, Predictors, and Associations of Depression 5 Years After Stroke

Ayerbe

Ayis

Rudd

et al. 2011

Stroke

161

173

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Background and Purpose-The longer-term natural history of depression after stroke is poorly understood. We estimate frequency, predictors, and associations of depression up to 5 years after stroke in a population-based study. Methods-Data from 3689 patients registered in the South London Stroke Register 1995 to 2006 were used. Baseline data included age, sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and stroke severity. At 3 months and at 1, 3, and 5 years, survivors were assessed for depression (Hospital Anxiety and Depression; depression subscale score Ͼ7 indicates depression), cognition, disability, activity, accommodation, employment, and social networks. Associations with depression were investigated with logistic regression. Data are reported with OR and 95% CI. Results-Depression frequencies were 33% (30%-36%), 28% (25%-30%), 32% (30%-35%), and 31% (27%-34%) at 3 months and at 1, 3, and 5 years after stroke, respectively. Forty-eight percent of patients were not depressed at any time point; 49% to 55% of depressed patients at 1 assessment remained depressed at follow-up; and 15% to 20% of patients at each assessment were new cases. Predictors of depression included stroke severity, inability to work, and impaired cognition. Associations with depression at follow-up included impaired cognition, lack of family support, institutionalization, inability to work, functional dependence, and low activity level. Conclusions-Frequency of depression up to 5 years after stroke is 30%; however, it is a dynamic situation with recovery and new cases diagnosed over time. These findings support the need for regular assessment of depression and its associated factors and for the development of effective interventions to reduce depression after stroke.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural History, Predictors, and Associations of Depression 5 Years After Stroke

Ayerbe

Ayis

Rudd

et al. 2011

Stroke

161

173

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“…[14] Cognitive impairment was defined on the basis of three or more incorrect responses out of 10. Such a cut-point has been used in previous studies and is a sensitive and specific marker of cognitive impairment [15][16][17]. The AMT is also highly correlated with the MMSE [18].…”

Section: Cognitive Impairmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Albumin Concentration and Cognitive Impairment

Llewellyn¹

2009

CAR

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Results from clinical samples suggest low serum albumin may be associated with cognitive impairment, though evidence from population-based studies is inconclusive. Participants were 1,752 adults (699 men and 1,053 women) aged 65 years and over from the Health Survey for England 2000, a nationally representative population-based study. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Abbreviated Mental Test Score. The cross-sectional relation of serum albumin quartiles to cognitive impairment was modelled using logistic regression. Two hundred and twelve participants were cognitively impaired (68 men and 144 women). Odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) for cognitive impairment in the first (2.2-3.8 g/dl), second (3.9-4.0 g/dl), and third (4.1-4.3 g/dl) quartiles of serum albumin compared with the fourth (4.4-5.3 g/dl) were 2.5 (1.3-5.1), 1.7 (0.9-3.5), and 1.5 (0.7-2.9), after adjustment for age, sex, education and additional risk factors for cognitive impairment (p for linear trend = 0.002). A highly similar pattern of associations was observed for men and women. Our data provide new evidence to suggest that low serum albumin is independently associated with increased odds of cognitive impairment in the elderly population.

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“…When confusion is suspected the use of cognitive screening tools (such as the Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) score 5 and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) 6 ) may increase recognition of delirium present on admission. However, by themselves these tools cannot distinguish between delirium and other causes of cognitive impairment.…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevention, diagnosis and management of delirium in older people: concise guidelines

Potter

George

2006

Clinical Medicine

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-Delirium (acute confusional state) is a common condition in older people, affecting up to 30% of all older patients admitted to hospital. Patients who develop delirium have high mortality, institutionalisation and complication rates, and have longer lengths of stay than non-delirious patients. Delirium is often not recognised by clinicians, and is often poorly managed. Delirium may be prevented in up to a third of older patients. The aim of this guideline update is to aid prevention as well as the recognition of delirium and to provide guidance on how to manage these complex and disadvantaged patients.KEY WORDS: acute confusion, clinical guideline, delirium, older people IntroductionThe aim of these guidelines is to aid recognition of delirium and to provide guidance on how to manage this complex and challenging condition. Delirium is characterised by a disturbance of consciousness and a change in cognition that develop over a short period of time. The disorder has a tendency to fluctuate during the course of the day, and there is evidence from the history, examination or investigations that the delirium is a direct consequence of a general medical condition, drug withdrawal or intoxication. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) 1In order to be diagnosed with delirium, a patient must show all of the four features listed below. 1 A disturbance of consciousness (ie reduced clarity of awareness of the environment) is evident, with reduced ability to focus, sustain or shift attention. 2 There is a change in cognition (such as memory deficit, disorientation, language disturbance) or the development of a perceptual disturbance that is not better accounted for by a preexisting or evolving dementia. 3 The disturbance develops over a short period of time (usually hours to days) and tends to fluctuate during the course of the day. 4 There is evidence from the history, physical examination, or laboratory findings that the disturbance is caused by the direct physiological consequences of a general medical condition, substance intoxication or substance withdrawal. 1 Delirium may have more than one causal factor (ie multiple aetiologies). A diagnosis of delirium can also be made when there is insufficient evidence to support criterion 4, if the clinical presentation is consistent with delirium, and the clinical features cannot be attributed to any other diagnosis, for example delirium due to sensory deprivation.Some older people come to hospital with delirium (prevalent) while others develop delirium during their hospital stay (incident). Hospital prevalence rates for delirium vary widely because of different patient characteristics in the different studies -the highest rates are seen in older patients in critical care settings. The average prevalence of delirium in older people in general hospitals is 20% (range 7% to 61%). 2 After fracture of the neck of the femur, the prevalence varies from 10% to 50%.Patients with delirium have increased length of stay, increased mortality and increased ...

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The Abbreviated Mental Test: Its Use and Validity

Cited by 225 publications

References 0 publications

Natural History, Predictors, and Associations of Depression 5 Years After Stroke

Natural History, Predictors, and Associations of Depression 5 Years After Stroke

Serum Albumin Concentration and Cognitive Impairment

The prevention, diagnosis and management of delirium in older people: concise guidelines

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