The a, b, c s of oceanographic lidar predictions: a significant step toward closing the loop between theory and experiment

Abstract

Small-angle phase functions …0:058 < < 208 † have been measured for turbid samples that were then used in a Monte-Carlo theoretical lightscattering model. The measured phase function yields excellent agreement between model predictions and long-path tank measurements.

Performance evaluation of underwater wireless optical communications links in the presence of different air bubble populations

“…Maalox is known to provide excellent scattering similar to real ocean particles and commonly used in laboratory experiments to simulate different ocean water types [7,24]. Maalox concentrations corresponding respectively to clear ( = 0.151 −1 ) and Harbor II ( = 2.19 −1 ) waters were calculated and added based on reference [7].…”

“…However, many relevant studies have mostly focused on the effects of absorption and scattering by particles on the optical channel [6][7][8][9], system level design and demonstrations [10][11][12][13], underwater turbulence [14][15][16], and there is little study on the effect of air bubbles in UWOC channels [17]. Air bubbles in the oceans are mainly produced by breaking surface waves and rain [18].…”

Real-Time Video Transmission Over Different Underwater Wireless Optical Channels Using a Directly Modulated 520 nm Laser Diode

“…All measurements were taken under normal room illumina- tion conditions. The water turbidity level is changed by adding accurate Maalox R solution based on [19] in an orderly fashion, in order to simulate various underwater channels as in Table I. The amounts of Maalox R concentration added to achieve the desired absorption and scattering coefficients corresponding to the clear, coastal, harbor I and harbor II water types, respectively, are shown in the last column of Table I.…”

Optical scattering properties of phytoplankton: Measurements and comparison of various species at scattering angles between 1° and 170°

“…1, is a polar nephelometer adapted from that used by Laux et al (2002) and Coakley et al (unpubl.). A doubled Nd:YAG (neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) laser at 532 nm laser was chosen as the source because of the applications of that particular wavelength in remote sensing of the ocean.…”