The 60-Residue C-Terminal Region of the Single-Stranded DNA Binding Protein of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Is Required for Cooperative DNA Binding

Abstract

Single-stranded (ssDNA) DNA binding proteins (SSBs) bind preferentially ssDNA in stoichiometric quantities with respect to their substrate, displaying little sequence preference and no associated ATPase activity (11). The binding is typically cooperative, though the level of cooperativity varies widely. Much effort has been spent on elucidation of the structural mechanism accounting for the cooperativity and its functional implications in the case of the filamentous phage GVP (6, 68), the phage T4 gp32 (10, 33), the adenovirus DNA binding protein (DBP) (34), the Escherichia coli SSB (19,42), and the eukaryotic replication protein A (30, 31), while little is known about the SSBs of the Herpesviridae.The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) SSB, infected cell polypeptide 8 (ICP8), is a 128-kDa nuclear zinc metalloprotein encoded by the UL29 gene (22). By virtue of its ability to bind oligonucleotide as well as to mediate specific protein-protein interactions, it was shown to have essential functions in DNA metabolism during the viral lytic cycle. ICP8 is one of the seven ␤, or delayed-early, genes required for viral genome replication, which proceeds via a rolling circle mechanism (63, 65). Replication occurs in globular nuclear domains termed replication compartments (55) whose location is defined by the preexisting host cell nuclear architecture, most probably at the periphery of the nuclear matrix-associated ND10 domains, where the viral transactivator ICP0 and the viral input genome migrate in the early stages of infection (43, 47). Evidence has been provided that the seven essential proteins, the origin binding protein (OBP), the polymerase with its processivity factor (UL30 and UL42), the trimeric primase-helicase complex (UL52, UL5, and UL8), and ICP8, accumulate in punctuate prereplicative sites for the assembly of the multiprotein complex, or primosome, which promotes efficient genomic replication (40,71,76). During initiation, ICP8 associates with the carboxy-terminal domain of the OBP at the origin of replication to assist the ATP-dependent bidirectional origin unwinding (3,36,37,45). It enhances the polymerase processivity (29, 50, 61) and stimulates the helicase-primase activity via interaction with the UL8 subunit (4,17,21). In accord with its ability to destabilize DNA helices (5) and promote Mg-dependent complementary-strand renaturation (16), ICP8 can catalyze homologous pairing and strand transfer (7), and hence it participates in the frequent DNA recombination events. Genetic evidence implies a role for ICP8 in the regulation of viral gene expression (12,26), in agreement with the reported ICP8 affinity for polyriboadenylate (61).The DNA binding properties of ICP8 have been extensively investigated. ICP8 binds ssDNA rapidly and cooperatively, with a modest preference for the HSV genomic GC-rich sequences, holding the nucleotide filaments in an extended conformation (35,58). Optimal binding occurs at neutral pH and 150 mM salt concentration (61). Based on filter binding assays (58), nuclease prote...

Replication and Recombination of Herpes Simplex Virus DNA

“…3) (65). Truncated ICP8 still binds ssDNA but with loss of cooperativity (66). The crystal structure reveals a large N-terminal domain (residues 9 -1038) and a small C-terminal domain (residues 1049 -1129).…”

“…The process has been visualized demonstrating how two coiled ICP8-ssDNA nucleoprotein filaments generate intertwined coiled-coil structures in which strand annealing occurs (66). ICP8 has also been demonstrated to promote strand invasion in vitro, and together with helicaseprimase, it can promote strand exchange (67,68).…”

DNA-Binding Activity of Adeno-Associated Virus Rep Is Required for Inverted Terminal Repeat-Dependent Complex Formation with Herpes Simplex Virus ICP8

“…HSV ICP8 is characterized by highly cooperative and DNA sequence-independent ssDNA-binding (21) with an apparent binding constant (K ␣ ) for monomeric ICP8 on ssDNA in the range of 1 ϫ 10 7 M Ϫ1 (1,7,20). Electron microscopy confirmed the highly cooperative but unspecific nature of ICP8 binding to ssDNA (18,25) whereas Rep molecules on the AAV ssDNA genome bind exclusively to the hairpin-shaped ITR that contains the RBS (14,15,34,37).…”

“…Furthermore, direct AAV ssDNA-dependent interaction of purified ICP8 and Rep78 was shown in vitro (10). ICP8 displays high-affinity, cooperative binding to ssDNA (1,7,20). Rep78/68 also displays some ssDNAbinding activity (16,19,36) but preferentially binds to the doublestranded RBS within the hairpin-shaped AAV ITR (12).…”

Importance of the N-terminal Region of the Phage GA-1 Single-stranded DNA-binding Protein for Its Self-interaction Ability and Functionality

“…ICP8 is a 128-kDa protein able to form protein filaments in the absence of DNA, although it sediments as a monomer in glycerol gradients (36). Deletion of its 60-amino acid C-terminal region does not affect the intrinsic DNAbinding ability of the protein, but results in a total loss of cooperativity on long ssDNA stretches (37). It has been demonstrated that ICP8 interacts with other components of the replication machinery, like UL9 protein helicase (38 -40) or the herpes simplex virus-1 DNA polymerase and helicase-primase (41)(42)(43)(44)(45).…”