The 4dilan Project (4th Dimension in Landscape and Artifacts Analyses)

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The project is part of the wider application and subsequent spread of innovative digital technologies involving robotic systems. Modern society needs knowledge and investigation of the environment and of the related built landscape; therefore it increasingly requires new types of information. The goal can be achieved through the innovative integration of methods to set new analysis strategies for the knowledge of the built heritage and cultural landscape. The experimental cooperation between different disciplines and the related tools and techniques, which this work suggests for the analysis of the architectural heritage and the historical territory, are the following: -3D metric survey techniques with active and passive sensors -the latter operating in both terrestrial mode and by aerial point of view. In some circumstances, beyond the use of terrestrial LiDAR, even the newest mobile mapping system using SLAM technology (simultaneous localization and mapping) has been tested. -Techniques of non-destructive investigation, such as geophysical analysis of the subsoil and built structures, in particular GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) techniques. -Historic and stratigraphic surveys carried out primarily through the study and interpretation of documentary sources, cartography and historical iconography, closely related to the existing data or latent material. The experience through the application of these techniques of investigation connected to the built spaces and to the manmade environments has been achieved with the aim of improving the ability to analyse the occurred transformations/layers over time and no longer directly readable or interpretable on manufactured evidence.

Condition Assessment of Heritage Buildings via Photogrammetry: A Scoping Review from the Perspective of Decision Makers

“…Moreover, the false-colour radargrams could be overlapped and visualized on the 2D textured vertical sections of the building, enabling a more intuitive and effective spatial correlation among the results. This correlation is also a result of the work by Chiabrando et al [143], where GPR was used to detect the presence of underground structures around a masonry tower in North-West Italy through superimposition of radar profiles and horizontal orthoimages. Similarly, within a comprehensive investigation of a basilica in North-East Italy [144], the integrated visualization and analysis of GPR and Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) relating to the mosaics led to hypothesizing about the presence of buried structures belonging to the oldest construction phases under the investigated floors.…”

“…In the case of multispectral imaging, as presented in Section 3.3.1, a direct comparison is enabled between CRP surface colorimetric/metric data and TIR, NIR and/or UV surface data, which might be useful to assess the position and quantitative extent of non-visible anomalies, such as material inhomogeneity [129,130,134], energy losses [131], cracks and mechanical damage [132,136], moist areas [133,135] and weathering patterns [53,60]. Differently, in the case of multisensory data collection, as reported in Section 3.3.2, an indirect comparison is enabled between CRP surface colorimetric/metric data and measurements of constructional discontinuities and pathologies across the components; this comparison is detected as variations in radar reflection from underground structures [143][144][145]147,148]; moist areas [142,146]; or variations in ultrasonic velocities in walls [148,150,151], columns [92,152,153] and pillars [154]. In a few applications, the employment of CRP models to accurately set up onsite tests and equipment is also documented [155][156][157].…”

Analysis of the Current Status of Sensors and HBIM Integration: A Review Based on Bibliometric Analysis

“…Concerning "4D Spatial Data Management", it has been identified that it is being used at the urban scale through 3D models of heritage buildings integrated into a GIS platform, with the aim of analyzing the historical evolution and structural changes that have occurred over time in buildings located in the old towns of historic cities [57,59,60].…”

Integrated Imaging Approaches Supporting the Excavation Activities. Multi-Scale Geospatial Documentation in Hierapolis (Tk)

“…We cannot make direct comparisons with the 2015 flights, since at the time the images were acquired with a fixed wing drone at a higher altitude. We can compare the results with other experiences (Chiabrando et al 2017c) and how we can see even in the next sections, the use of the total station allows to improve the accuracy of the final results. …”

“…The common strategy to these tests consisted in generating a Lidar cloud that could have the function of controlling the general accuracy of DSMs derived from low-level flights. The wellestablished workflow, which has provided the best results also on other occasions (Chiabrando et al 2017c) was to record Lidar scans initially by shape (cloud-to-cloud), using ICP (Iterative Closest Points) algorithms for the first registration, and then measure the control points on the complete scan for georeferencing and evaluating the accuracy. In addition, the targets for the registration of the Lidar clouds were obviously surveyed by total station and the processing has been performed using Faro Scene software.…”