The 4-MeV Separated-Orbit Cyclotron

Cumulation of High-Current Electron Beams: Theory and Experiment

“…Though the initially set goal of developing a pellet fusion was not achieved, high-current electron beams found successful applications in other fields of physics [15][16][17]. They are used for research in radiation physics [18], generation of high-power microwaves [19,20], collective acceleration of ions [21,22], and pumping gas lasers [23]. Nonlinear phenomena originating from the high-current-beam interaction with self-and external electromagnetic fields figure prominently in all these processes.…”

Variable-phase asynchronous cyclotron

“…These conditions physically cannot be created in classical ring Isochronous Cyclotrons (IC) [1] or conventional Separate Orbit Cyclotrons (SOC) [2,3,4]. This is because in such cyclotrons, common sector cavities span the radial extent of turns, with multi-turn channel gaps, in which ϕ e , U n and S n must be kept fixed to satisfy the isochronism condition.…”

“…The Variable-Phase Asynchronous Cyclotron (VPAC) is similar to the operation of a rf linear accelerator wrapped into a spiral, in which the equilibrium phase of acceleration ϕ e , the acceleration voltage amplitude in consecutive cavities U n and the beam path length between cavities S n , can vary individually, independent from each other. These conditions physically cannot be created in classical ring Isochronous Cyclotrons (IC) [1] or conventional Separate Orbit Cyclotrons (SOC) [2,3,4]. This is because in such cyclotrons, common sector cavities span the radial extent of turns, with multi-turn channel gaps, in which ϕ e , U n and S n must be kept fixed to satisfy the isochronism condition.…”

“…Sixth, the acceleration voltage amplitude U n in each sector can be varied independently, by mechanical [2] and electrical means introduced in cavity channels, which will be described in a separate publication.…”