“…Although the circulating TNF levels are highly variable , up-regulation of TNF gene expression has been involved in the pathogenesis of a large variety of illnesses with inflammatory and autoimmune components, some of which are associated with MHC class II molecules, including systemic lupus erythematosus (Jacob et al, 1990), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (Breunan et al, 1992;Cuenca et al, 2003), inflammatory bowel diseases (Bouma et al, 1996), and ankylosing spondilitis (Rudwaleit et al, 2001). Another group includes acute and chronic infectious processes, such as septic shock syndrome (Tracey and Cerami, 1993), cerebral malaria (McGuire et al, 1994), and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (Hober et al, 1989).…”