The 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Air-Wave Generated Tsunami

Gusman, Aditya Riadi; Roger, Jean; Noble, Chris; Wang, Xiaoming; Power, William; Burbidge, David

doi:10.1007/s00024-022-03154-1

Cited by 31 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…5b). These observations are consistent with pressure simulation results (Amores et al, 2022;Gusman et al, 2022) and ionospheric signatures retrieved over New Zealand (Ajith et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022). In addition, when corrected for the travel time (see Fig.…”

Section: Ionospheric Signatures Of the Lamb Wavesupporting

confidence: 89%

Anatomy of the Tsunami and Lamb Waves-Induced Ionospheric Signatures Generated by the 2022 Hunga Tonga Volcanic Eruption

Munaibari

Rolland

Sladen

et al. 2023

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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As tsunamis propagate across open oceans, they remain largely unseen due to the lack of adequate sensors. To address this fundamental limitation of existing tsunami warnings, we investigate Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) data to monitor the ionosphere Total Electron Content (TEC) for Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances (TIDs) created by tsunami-induced internal gravity waves (IGWs). The approach has been applied to regular tsunamis generated by earthquakes, while the case of undersea volcanic eruptions injecting energy into both the ocean and the atmosphere remains mostly unexplored. With both a regular tsunami and air-sea waves, the large 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcanic eruption is a challenge. Here, we show that even in near-field regions (1000–1500 km), despite the complex wavefield, we can isolate the regular tsunami signature. We also highlight that the eruption-generated Lamb wave induces an ionospheric disturbance with a similar waveform and an amplitude spatial pattern consistent with IGW origin but with a quasi-constant propagation speed (~ 315 m/s). These results imply that when GNSS-TEC measurements are registered near an ocean bottom pressure sensor, they can help discriminating the regular tsunami from the initial air-sea waves appearing in the sensor observations.

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Section: Ionospheric Signatures Of the Lamb Wavesupporting

confidence: 89%

Anatomy of the Tsunami and Lamb Waves-Induced Ionospheric Signatures Generated by the 2022 Hunga Tonga Volcanic Eruption

Munaibari

Rolland

Sladen

et al. 2023

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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“…However, it is noted that the arrival times of these larger waves are in line with classical tsunami travel time predictions (see, e.g. Gusman & Roger 2022). This suggests that an initial G -mode contribution at the volcano (which would represent, e.g.…”

Section: Additional Source Contributionssupporting

confidence: 76%

Two-way coupled long-wave isentropic ocean-atmosphere dynamics

Winn

Sarmiento²,

Alferez

et al. 2023

J. Fluid Mech.

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The events following the 15 January 2022 explosions of the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai volcano highlighted the need for a better understanding of ocean-atmosphere interactions when large amounts of energy are locally injected into one (or both). Starting from the compressible Euler equations, a two-way coupled (TWC) system is derived governing the long-wave behaviour of the ocean and atmosphere under isentropic constraint. Bathymetry and topography are accounted for along with three-dimensional atmospheric non-uniformities through their depth average over a spherical shell. A linear analysis, yielding two pairs of gravito-acoustic waves, offers explanations for phenomena observed during the Tonga event. A continuous transcritical regime (in terms of water depth) is identified as the source of large wave generation in deep water bodies, removing the singularity-driven Proudman-type resonance observed in one-way coupled models. The refractive properties, governing the interaction of the atmospheric wave with step changes in water depth, are derived to comment on mode-to-mode energy transfer. Two-dimensional global simulations modelling the propagation of the atmospheric wave (under realistic conditions on the day) and its worldwide effect on oceans are presented. Local maxima of water-height disturbance in the farfield from the volcano, linked to the atmospheric wave deformation (in agreement with observations), are identified, emphasising the importance of the TWC model for any daylong predictions. The proposed framework can be extended to include additional layers and physics, e.g. ocean and atmosphere stratification. With the aim of contributing to warning system improvement, the code necessary to simulate the event with the proposed model is made available.

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“…Such a mechanism could be plausible considering complex tsunami wave patterns in the vicinity of Tonga volcano shortly after the eruption, as reported by Gusman and Roger (2022). This information on tsunami wavefront progression was the result of theoretical tsunami travel times (TTT) calculation, using ∼

\sqrt{gh}

as basic tsunami propagation speed formula where g is gravitational acceleration and h is ocean depth (Gusman et al., 2022; Shokin et al., 1987). In addition, empirical observation records of actual tsunami arrival times from coastal tide‐gauge stations and Deep‐ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoys were also incorporated to further calibrate the tsunami speed.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 59%

“…Figure 4 shows direct comparison between TID propagation velocity profile in the “near‐field” region and the tsunami velocity profile around Tonga, in both polar plot and scatter plot formats. The “near‐field” TID velocity profile is the same as that in Figure 3j, whereas the tsunami velocity profile was based on extracted contour line from Gusman and Roger (2022) tsunami wavefront plot at t = +2 hr after the main eruption. The great circle distance of a point on the traced tsunami wavefront from Tonga divided by Δ t = 2 hr gave us the effective radial tsunami velocity at that specific bearing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The eruption registered as Magnitude 5.8 in earthquake records, and plumes from the eruption reached 58 km altitude (United States Geological Survey, 2022; Yuen et al., 2022). Tsunami waves were also produced by the massive eruption (Gusman & Roger, 2022; Kubota et al., 2022). Further, optical imageries from earth‐observing satellites captured the blast waves that emanated from the eruption site (Duncombe, 2022; Sidder, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On the Propagation of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances From the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Eruption and Their Possible Connection With Tsunami Waves

Pradipta

Carter

Currie

et al. 2023

Geophysical Research Letters

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We report our analysis of ionospheric disturbances from the 15 January 2022 Tonga volcano eruption, using GPS data from the International GNSS Service network and ionosonde data in the Australian sector. Wave fluctuations with amplitudes of ∼1 TECU and altitude variations of ∼100 km were observed in the GPS and ionosonde data, respectively. In near‐field region around Tonga shortly after the eruption, our analysis reveals that the ionospheric disturbances had an azimuthally anisotropic velocity profile, with a peculiar minimum in southwestward direction. Close resemblance is identified between the velocity profile of near‐field ionospheric disturbances and the Tonga tsunami, suggesting a coupling between water and atmospheric waves. In far‐field, the disturbances propagated at ∼300 m/s, circling the globe for at least three days and possibly until 21 January 2022, in agreement with several previous reports of the event. Arrival times of ionospheric disturbances observed by GPS receivers and ionosondes provide consistent picture.

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The 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Volcano Air-Wave Generated Tsunami

Cited by 31 publications

References 53 publications

Anatomy of the Tsunami and Lamb Waves-Induced Ionospheric Signatures Generated by the 2022 Hunga Tonga Volcanic Eruption

Anatomy of the Tsunami and Lamb Waves-Induced Ionospheric Signatures Generated by the 2022 Hunga Tonga Volcanic Eruption

Two-way coupled long-wave isentropic ocean-atmosphere dynamics

On the Propagation of Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances From the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano Eruption and Their Possible Connection With Tsunami Waves

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