The 2007 eruption of Stromboli volcano: Insights from real-time measurement of the volcanic gas plume CO2/SO2 ratio

Aiuppa, Alessandro; Federico, C.; Giudice, Gaetano; Giuffrida, Giovanni; Guida, R.; Gurrieri, Sergio; Liuzzo, Marco; Moretti, Roberto; Papale, Paolo

doi:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.013

Cited by 160 publications

(127 citation statements)

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“…In the figure, we compare our lidar-based CO 2 fluxes with independent estimates, in which the CO 2 flux was derived by multiplying the CO 2 /SO 2 ratio of the plume by the SO 2 flux. This latter approach has been used at volcanoes for years (Aiuppa, 2015), and at Stromboli involves use of two fully automated Multi-GAS instruments, operating on the volcano's summit to measure the in-plume CO 2 /SO 2 ratio (Figure 2A; Aiuppa et al, 2009Aiuppa et al, , 2010aCalvari et al, 2014). This is combined with SO 2 fluxes, delivered from either the FLAMES network of scanning UV spectrometers (Burton et al, 2009) or from UV camera observations (Tamburello et al, 2012), to obtain the CO 2 flux.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Successful Multi-GAS measurements of plume composition on Stromboli (Aiuppa et al, 2009(Aiuppa et al, , 2010b are restricted to periods when the volcanic plume is dispersed by the local wind field into the Pizzo area, where the instruments are deployed (see Figure 2A). In addition, the Multi-GAS cannot operate continuously, but only during four equally spaced measurement cycles per day, each being 30 min long (Aiuppa et al, 2009). As such, the temporal resolution of the FIGURE 7 | Temporal record of the volcanic SO 2 flux from Stromboli on June 26 th, 2015, as derived from our UV camera observations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New Advances in Dial-Lidar-Based Remote Sensing of the Volcanic CO2 Flux

et al. 2017

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We report here on the results of a proof-of-concept study aimed at remotely sensing the volcanic CO 2 flux using a Differential Adsorption lidar (DIAL-lidar). The observations we report on were conducted in June 2014 on Stromboli volcano, where our lidar (LIght Detection And Ranging) was used to scan the volcanic plume at ∼3 km distance from the summit vents. The obtained results prove that a remotely operating lidar can resolve a volcanic CO 2 signal of a few tens of ppm (in excess to background air) over km-long optical paths. We combine these results with independent estimates of plume transport speed (from processing of UV Camera images) to derive volcanic CO 2 flux time-series of ≈16-33 min temporal resolution. Our lidar-based CO 2 fluxes range from 1.8 ± 0.5 to 32.1 ± 8.0 kg/s, and constrain the daily averaged CO 2 emissions from Stromboli at 8.3 ± 2.1 to 18.1 ± 4.5 kg/s (or 718-1565 tons/day). These inferred fluxes fall within the range of earlier observations at Stromboli. They also agree well with contemporaneous CO 2 flux determinations (8.4-20.1 kg/s) obtained using a standard approach that combines Multi-GAS-based in-plume readings of the CO 2 /SO 2 ratio (≈8) with UV-camera sensed SO 2 fluxes (1.5-3.4 kg/s). We conclude that DIAL-lidars offer new prospects for safer (remote) instrumental observations of the volcanic CO 2 flux.Keywords: volcanic CO 2 , DIAL-lidar, Stromboli, remote sensing, CO 2 flux INTRODUCTION A major step forward in ground-based volcano monitoring has recently arisen from the advent of modern instrumental techniques and networks for volcanic gas observations (Galle et al., 2010;Oppenheimer et al., 2014;Saccorotti et al., 2014;Fischer and Chiodini, 2015). Such technical advances provide improved temporal resolution relative to traditional direct sampling techniques (Symonds et al., 1994;Giggenbach, 1996). As longer-term volcanic gas records increase in number and quality, full empirical evidence is finally emerging for increased CO 2 flux emissions prior to eruption of mafic to intermediate volcanoes (Aiuppa, 2015). Precursory plume CO 2 flux increases have been now detected at several volcanoes, including Etna (Aiuppa et al., 2008;Patanè et al., 2013), Kilauea (Poland et al., 2012), Redoubt (Werner et al., 2013), Turrialba (de Moor et al., 2016a), and Poas (de Moor et al., 2016b).At Stromboli (in Italy), however, CO 2 flux observations have been particularly valuable for interpreting, and eventually predicting, the volcano's behavior (Aiuppa et al., 2010a Stromboli, the "regular" mild strombolian activity is occasionally interrupted by larger-scale vulcanian-style explosions, locally referred as "major explosions" or (in the most extreme events) "paroxysms" (Rosi et al., 2006(Rosi et al., , 2013Andronico and Pistolesi, 2010;Pistolesi et al., 2011;Pioli et al., 2014). These explosions, although short-lived (tens of seconds to a few minutes), represent a real hazard for local populations, tourists and volcanologists, since they produce fallout of coarse pyroclastic materials over w...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Advances in Dial-Lidar-Based Remote Sensing of the Volcanic CO2 Flux

et al. 2017

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“…3, 4). Although this gives support to the validity of the method, introducing an arbitrary threshold of anomalous deformation of the crater terrace between background activity and unrest would just push this issue into a different parameter with respect to those proposed already by several authors (Aiuppa et al 2009;Casagli et al 2007;Ripepe et al 2009;Aiuppa et al 2011;Inguaggiato et al 2011;Coppola et al 2012;Calvari et al 2014;Di Traglia et al 2014b). More significantly, evident differences were produced concerning the characteristics of the crater terrace inflation during the three periods of volcanic unrest.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…On average, during the background activity, the explosions occur at a rate of \10 events/hour, shifting to a rate of [14 events/hour during unrests (measured by thermal cameras, Calvari et al 2014). This shift is commonly associated with changes in the features of the erupted products Houghton 2005, 2007;D'Oriano et al 2011) and in the parameters monitored by the geophysical (Casagli et al 2007;Ripepe et al 2009;Calvari et al 2014;Coppola et al 2012;Di Traglia et al 2014b) and geochemical monitoring network (Aiuppa et al 2009(Aiuppa et al , 2011Inguaggiato et al 2011). Modeling ground displacements collected at Stromboli by the GBInSAR from January 2010 to August 2014 revealed a deformation source at 482 ± 46 m a.s.l.…”

Section: Geological and Volcanological Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 96%

A statistical-based approach for determining the intensity of unrest phases at Stromboli volcano (Southern Italy) using one-step-ahead forecasts of displacement time series

2016

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The evaluation of the intensity of unrest phases at active volcanoes is a crucial topic in volcano hazard studies. This is particularly troublesome in the case of persistently active volcanoes like Stromboli (Southern Italy), where intense eruptive summit activity (overflows, strong spattering, powerful explosions) has in some cases anticipated a flank eruption. In this context, a new approach for the analysis of displacement data is introduced. Daily displacements of the Stromboli crater terrace measured between January 1, 2010, and August 7, 2014, by a ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar system were compared, in retrospect, to displacement predictions provided by an autoregressive integrated moving average-based model. The methodology consisted in assessing when the actual displacements exceeded a fixed probability threshold for the forecasts (*95 %). Two sets of data were consequently produced: (1) series of residuals between actual displacements and model threshold (''anomalies'') and (2) series of normalized residuals between actual displacements and model threshold (''normalized anomalies''). This permitted to statistically identify and quantify the anomalous deformation at the crater terrace over the reference time interval of the analysis. Anomalies started to occur before each period of intense volcanic activity, highlighting the possibility to discern between background activity and unrest. Moreover, results indicated that the inflation of the crater terrace during the preparatory phase of the 2014 flank eruption was characterized by the greatest amount of anomalous deformation.

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“…7b-c). This is substantially coeval with the opening of a new effusive fissure at the base of NE crater that marks the ceasing of the typical Strombolian activity at summit vents (Aiuppa et al, 2009;Ripepe et al, 2009). Following this event tremor amplitude decrease and infrasonic puffing dropped to zero.…”

Section: Radon Mapping During Lava Effusions : 2002-3003 and 2007mentioning

confidence: 91%