The 1970 British Commonwealth Games: Scottish Reactions to Apartheid and Sporting Boycotts

Abstract

The 1970 British Commonwealth Games in Edinburgh is widely thought to have been a barnstorming success, and an excellent advertisement for Scotland. Recent research by the authors, however, shows that the event was nevertheless a deeply politicized one: reflective of Scotland's status as a 'stateless nation', of Westminster politics during the era more generally, and of the politics surrounding apartheid South Africa's sporting contacts with the outside world. The Games managed to avert a mass boycott organized by the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC), in retaliation for the Marylebone Cricket Club's recent invitation of the South African national cricket team. This article will explore Scotland's place as a non-state actor within the 1970 crisis. Attention will be given to the domestic political response, both from Scottish MPs, members of local Scottish councils (particularly within Edinburgh itself), and from Scottish National Party (SNP) activists, angered that Scotland should pay for the crimes perceived to be made by an English sporting body. However, our piece goes beyond these discourses, to examine the broader sporting relationship that Scots had with South Africa and Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), governed by white supremacist regimes during the period. Policy documents, housed in the National Records of Scotland, express UK Cabinet-level concerns about the actions of individual sporting clubs' tours of the countries. This article will also look at how cabinet ministers, most notably Labour's Minister for Sport Denis Howell, intervened to shape Scotland's devolved sporting councils' policies on contacts with South Africa and Rhodesia.

Scottish Football and Colonial Zimbabwe: Sport, the Scottish Diaspora, and ‘White Africa’

“…Activists for the UK's Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), in particularly a new direct action-oriented campaign known as the Stop the Seventy Tour (STST) led by South African exile Peter Hain, promised and later delivered a widespread programme of civil disobedience in conjunction with the tour, which included pitch invasions and disruption of play.2 By the end of April, the South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SANROC), a pressure group of South African exiles, were actively beginning to organise a boycott of the Games -one which would involve African, Asian, and Caribbean nations -unless Prime Minister Harold Wilson forced the cancellation of the South African cricket tour. 3 By the end of May, Wilson, under tremendous pressure and with a hastily-called June general election looming (one that his Labour Party would eventually lose), eventually stepped in to do so. However, this was not before other solutions to the crisis were mooted, in particular by the upstart, pro-independence Scottish National Party (SNP), which suggested banning England, whose governing body of cricket had invited the Springboks, from the upcoming Games.…”