The 1959 Outbreak of Eastern Encephalitis in New Jersey: 4. Cf Reactivity Following Overt and Inapparent Infection12

Goldfield, Martin; Welsh, James N.; Taylor, Bernard F.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120804

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Most persons infected with EEEV are asymptomatic or have a non-specific mild illness [1]. Symptomatic persons typically develop a systemic febrile illness which can progress in <5% of individuals to neurologic disease, including headache, confusion, focal neurologic deficits, meningismus, seizures, or coma [6,7,[17][18][19]. Survivors of EEEV encephalitis often have neurologic sequelae, such as seizure disorders, hemiplegia, and cognitive dysfunction [8,17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus From an Organ Donor to 3 Transplant Recipients

Pouch

Katugaha

Shieh

et al. 2018

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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Background In fall 2017, 3 solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients from a common donor developed encephalitis within 1 week of transplantation, prompting suspicion of transplant-transmitted infection. Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) infection was identified during testing of endomyocardial tissue from the heart recipient. Methods We reviewed medical records of the organ donor and transplant recipients and tested serum, whole blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and tissue from the donor and recipients for evidence of EEEV infection by multiple assays. We investigated blood transfusion as a possible source of organ donor infection by testing remaining components and serum specimens from blood donors. We reviewed data from the pretransplant organ donor evaluation and local EEEV surveillance. Results We found laboratory evidence of recent EEEV infection in all organ recipients and the common donor. Serum collected from the organ donor upon hospital admission tested negative, but subsequent samples obtained prior to organ recovery were positive for EEEV RNA. There was no evidence of EEEV infection among donors of the 8 blood products transfused into the organ donor or in products derived from these donations. Veterinary and mosquito surveillance showed recent EEEV activity in counties nearby the organ donor’s county of residence. Neuroinvasive EEEV infection directly contributed to the death of 1 organ recipient and likely contributed to death in another. Conclusions Our investigation demonstrated EEEV transmission through SOT. Mosquito-borne transmission of EEEV to the organ donor was the likely source of infection. Clinicians should be aware of EEEV as a cause of transplant-associated encephalitis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus From an Organ Donor to 3 Transplant Recipients

Pouch

Katugaha

Shieh

et al. 2018

Clinical Infectious Diseases

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“…While the proportion of asymptomatic cases is uncertain, it is estimated that a majority of people who are infected with EEE remain asymptomatic [ 3 ]. One small study of the 1959 EEE outbreak in New Jersey suggests less than 5% of those infected develop overt disease of the central nervous system [ 8 ]. Of those that are symptomatic there is a 33 percent fatality rate [ 3 ], and many of those that survive symptomatic infection have permanent neurological damage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-season transmission model of Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Petrucciani

Ventresca

2022

PLoS ONE

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Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) is an arbovirus that, while it has been known to exist since the 1930’s, recently had a spike in cases. This increased prevalence is particularly concerning due to the severity of the disease with 1 in 3 symptomatic patients dying. The cause of this peak is currently unknown but could be due to changes in climate, the virus itself, or host behavior. In this paper we propose a novel multi-season deterministic model of EEE spread and its stochastic counterpart. Models were parameterized using a dataset from the Florida Department of Health with sixteen years of sentinel chicken seroconversion rates. The different roles of the enzootic and bridge mosquito vectors were explored. As expected, enzootic mosquitoes like Culiseta melanura were more important for EEE persistence, while bridge vectors were implicated in the disease burden in humans. These models were used to explore hypothetical viral mutations and host behavior changes, including increased infectivity, vertical transmission, and host feeding preferences. Results showed that changes in the enzootic vector transmission increased cases among birds more drastically than equivalent changes in the bridge vector. Additionally, a 5% difference in the bridge vector’s bird feeding preference can increase cumulative dead-end host infections more than 20-fold. Taken together, this suggests changes in many parts of the transmission cycle can augment cases in birds, but the bridge vectors feeding preference acts as a valve limiting the enzootic circulation from its impact on dead-end hosts, such as humans. Our what-if scenario analysis reveals and measures possible threats regarding EEE and relevant environmental changes and hypothetically suggests how to prevent potential damage to public health and the equine economy.

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“…Our current understanding of the role host genetics plays in alphavirus pathogenesis is fairly limited despite evidence indicating host genetic variability impacts development and severity of clinical disease. Subclinical infections are extremely common for many alphaviruses, and incidence of neurological disease development in adults following successful infection with EEEV and WEEV has been found to be less than 5% and 0.1%, respectively (Calisher 1994; Goldfield et al 1968). During two different CHIKV outbreaks associated with a high incidence of CNS infection, specific neurological disease manifestations largely differed despite the causative viruses belonging to the same phylogenetic group; in La Reunion, encephalitis was most frequently reported, while in India, peripheral neuropathy with a presumed underlying autoimmune mechanism was most commonly reported (Cerny et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic control of alphavirus pathogenesis

Baxter

Heise

2018

Mamm Genome

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Alphaviruses, members of the positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus family Togaviridae, represent a re-emerging public health concern worldwide as mosquito vectors expand into new geographic ranges. Members of the alphavirus genus tend to induce clinical disease characterized by rash, arthralgia, and arthritis (chikungunya virus, Ross River virus, and Semliki Forest virus) or encephalomyelitis (eastern equine encephalitis virus, western equine encephalitis virus, and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus), though some patients who recover from the initial acute illness may develop long-term sequelae, regardless of the specific infecting virus. Studies examining the natural disease course in humans and experimental infection in cell culture and animal models reveal that host genetics play a major role in influencing susceptibility to infection and severity of clinical disease. Genome-wide genetic screens, including loss of function screens, microarrays, RNA-sequencing, and candidate gene studies, have further elucidated the role host genetics play in the response to virus infection, with the immune response being found in particular to majorly influence the outcome. This review describes the current knowledge of the mechanisms by which host genetic factors influence alphavirus pathogenesis and discusses emerging technologies that are poised to increase our understanding of the complex interplay between viral and host genetics on disease susceptibility and clinical outcome.

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The 1959 Outbreak of Eastern Encephalitis in New Jersey: 4. Cf Reactivity Following Overt and Inapparent Infection12

Cited by 6 publications

References 0 publications

Transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus From an Organ Donor to 3 Transplant Recipients

Transmission of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus From an Organ Donor to 3 Transplant Recipients

Multi-season transmission model of Eastern Equine Encephalitis

Genetic control of alphavirus pathogenesis

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