The 1959 Outbreak of Eastern Encephalitis in New Jersey: 5. The Inapparent Infection: Disease Ratio12

Goldfield, Martin; Welsh, James N.; Taylor, Bernard F.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a120807

Cited by 48 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…or aerosol challenge with a highly virulent strain of EEEV. Second, the epidemiological rate of apparent infection in humans following natural exposure to NA EEEV is relatively low (4%) (15). Therefore, experimental studies of EEEV via subcutaneous inoculation in marmosets would probably require much larger (and more costly) cohort sizes to detect differences between NA and SA EEEVs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) as a Nonhuman Primate Model To Assess the Virulence of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Strains

Adams

Aronson

Tardif

et al. 2008

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) produces the most severe human arboviral disease in North America (NA) and is a potential biological weapon. However, genetically and antigenically distinct strains from South America (SA) have seldom been associated with human disease or mortality despite serological evidence of infection. Because mice and other small rodents do not respond differently to the NA versus SA viruses like humans, we tested common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) by using intranasal infection and monitoring for weight loss, fever, anorexia, depression, and neurologic signs. The NA EEEV-infected animals either died or were euthanized on day 4 or 5 after infection due to anorexia and neurologic signs, but the SA EEEV-infected animals remained healthy and survived. The SA EEEV-infected animals developed peak viremia titers of 2.8 to 3.1 log 10 PFU/ml on day 2 or 4 after infection, but there was no detectable viremia in the NA EEEV-infected animals. In contrast, virus was detected in the brain, liver, and muscle of the NA EEEV-infected animals at the time of euthanasia or death. Similar to the brain lesions described for human EEE, the NA EEEV-infected animals developed meningoencephalitis in the cerebral cortex with some perivascular hemorrhages. The findings of this study identify the common marmoset as a useful model of human EEE for testing antiviral drugs and vaccine candidates and highlight their potential for corroborating epidemiological evidence that some, if not all, SA EEEV strains are attenuated for humans.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) as a Nonhuman Primate Model To Assess the Virulence of Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus Strains

Adams

Aronson

Tardif

et al. 2008

J Virol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The last major epidemic occurred in New Jersey in 1959, with 32 human cases, 22 of which were fatal, and an attack rate of 101/100,000 (47). The apparent:inapparent ratio of human infections was estimated at 1:23 (Goldfield et al, 1968). However, despite the infrequent human EEE, the very high case-fatality rates typically exceeding 50% combined with the frequently incapacitating neurologic sequelae seen in survivors, and the resultant high cost of institutionalized care (Villari et al, 1995), make EEE a much feared and economically important disease.…”

Section: Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alphaviruses: Population genetics and determinants of emergence

et al. 2012

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Alphaviruses are responsible for several medically important emerging diseases and are also significant veterinary pathogens. Due to the aerosol infectivity of some alphaviruses and their ability to cause severe, sometimes fatal neurologic diseases, they are also of biodefense importance. This review discusses the ecology, epidemiology and molecular virology of the alphaviruses, then focuses on three of the most important members of the genus: Venezuelan and eastern equine encephalitis and chikungunya viruses, with emphasis on their genetics and emergence mechanisms, and how current knowledge as well as gaps influence our ability to detect and determine the source of both natural outbreaks and potential use for bioterrorism. This article is one of a series in Antiviral Research on the genetic diversity of emerging viruses.

show abstract

“…27 EEEV encephalitis is frequently preceded by a prodromal illness, which may include fever, headache, and abdominal pain that may occasionally be severe enough to mimic an acute abdominal emergency. In individuals between 4 and 55 years of age, the ratio of inapparent EEEV infections to cases of encephalitis is 29:1.…”

Section: Case 2-2mentioning

confidence: 99%