The 1883 eruption of Krakatau

Self, Stephen; Rampino, Michael R.

doi:10.1038/294699a0

Cited by 243 publications

(169 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This work has special significance when applied to the eruption of Krakatau in 1883, which was one of the largest eruptions of modern times (Robock, 2000). The amount of magma produced by the eruption is thought to be 2-3 times as large as the amount produced by the eruption of Mt Pinatubo in 1991 (Self and Rampino, 1981;Scaillet et al, 2003). There are varied estimates of the amount of sulphur produced from the Krakatau and Pinatubo eruptions (Scaillet et al, 2003), but a reconstruction of the optical depth of the stratosphere due to volcanic sulphate aerosols is similar between the two eruptions (Sato et al, 1993).…”

Section: Discussion and Implications For Krakataumentioning

confidence: 99%

The climatic effects of the direct injection of water vapour into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions

Joshi

Jones

2009

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. We describe a novel mechanism that can significantly lower the amplitude of the climatic response to certain large volcanic eruptions and examine its impact with a coupled ocean-atmosphere climate model. If sufficiently large amounts of water vapour enter the stratosphere, a climatically significant amount of water vapour can be left over in the lower stratosphere after the eruption, even after sulphate aerosol formation. This excess stratospheric humidity warms the tropospheric climate, and acts to balance the climatic cooling induced by the volcanic aerosol, especially because the humidity anomaly lasts for a period that is longer than the residence time of aerosol in the stratosphere. In particular, northern hemisphere high latitude cooling is reduced in magnitude. We discuss this mechanism in the context of the discrepancy between the observed and modelled cooling following the Krakatau eruption in 1883. We hypothesize that moist coignimbrite plumes caused by pyroclastic flows travelling over ocean rather than land, resulting from an eruption close enough to the ocean, might provide the additional source of stratospheric water vapour.

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Section: Discussion and Implications For Krakataumentioning

confidence: 99%

The climatic effects of the direct injection of water vapour into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions

Joshi

Jones

2009

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…It is difficult to compare these values of volume flux or discharge rate of pyroclastic flows resulting from column collapse with estimations of total magma discharge rates of large eruptions such as Pinatubo 1991 (Scott et al, 1996) or Tambora 1815 (Self et al, 1984). With a DRE volume of ~2 km³, the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo volcano is one order of magnitude smaller than the 1883 eruption of Krakatau (~10 km³ DRE, VEI 6: Self & Rampino, 1981;Carey et al, 1996). It is improbable that pyroclastic flows generated by column collapse at Kolumbo would have a similar flux (10 6 to 10 7 m³.s -1 ) with a relatively small volume (0.1 km³) compared to Krakatau, yielding an exceptionally (unrealistic) fast emplacement.…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)

Ulvrová

Paris

Nomikou

et al. 2016

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Abstract:The 1650 AD explosive eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece) generated a destructive tsunami. In this paper we propose a source mechanism of this poorly documented tsunami using both geological investigations and numerical simulations. Sedimentary evidence of the 1650 AD tsunami was found along the coast of Santorini Island at maximum altitudes ranging between 3.5 m a.s.l. (Perissa, southern coast) and 20 m a.s.l. (Monolithos, eastern coast), corresponding to a minimum inundation of 360 and 630 m respectively. Tsunami deposits consist of an irregular 5 to 30 cm thick layer of dark grey sand that overlies pumiceous deposits erupted during the Minoan eruption and are found at depths of 30-50 cm below the surface.Composition of the tsunami sand is similar to the composition of the present-day beach sand but differs from the pumiceous gravelly deposits on which it rests. The spatial distribution of the tsunami deposits was compared to available historical records and to the results of numerical simulations of tsunami inundation. Different source mechanisms were tested: earthquakes, underwater explosions, caldera collapse, and pyroclastic flows. The most probable source of the 1650 AD Kolumbo tsunami is a 250 m high water surface displacement generated by underwater explosion with an energy of ~2 × 10 16 J at water depths between 20 and 150 m. The tsunamigenic explosion(s) occurred on September 29, 1650 during the transition between submarine and subaerial phases of the eruption. Caldera subsidence is not an efficient tsunami source mechanism as short (and probably unrealistic) collapse durations (< 5 minutes) are needed. Pyroclastic flows cannot be discarded, but the required flux (10 6 to 10 7 m³.s -1 ) is exceptionally high compared to the magnitude of the eruption.

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“…These climatic perturbations led to the naming of 1816 as the 'Year without a Summer'. In 1883, Krakatau, an island volcano in the Sunda Straits between Java and Sumatra erupted and ejected 10 km 3 of tephra and 15Mt S up to 40km height [Self, 1992;Self and Rampino, 1981]. Like the Tambora eruption, the injection of SO 2 into the stratosphere by Krakatau had global climatic effects, including a reduction in the average global surface temperature by 0.3°C in the Northern Hemisphere [Robock, 2005].…”

Section: Volcanicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: An initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program

Reid¹,

Hyer²,

Johnson

et al. 2013

Atmospheric Research

296

264

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The 1883 eruption of Krakatau

Cited by 243 publications

References 25 publications

The climatic effects of the direct injection of water vapour into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions

The climatic effects of the direct injection of water vapour into the stratosphere by large volcanic eruptions

Source of the tsunami generated by the 1650 AD eruption of Kolumbo submarine volcano (Aegean Sea, Greece)

Observing and understanding the Southeast Asian aerosol system by remote sensing: An initial review and analysis for the Seven Southeast Asian Studies (7SEAS) program

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