Thallium Speciation in the Great Lakes

Lin, Tser‐Sheng; Nriagu, Jerome O.

doi:10.1021/es981096o

Cited by 127 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…However, the concentration of Tl in groundwater and groundwater-recharged stream water in the Lanmuchang study area is much higher than the Tl levels in natural waters reported in the literature (Flegal and Patterson, 1985;Banks et al, 1995;Lin and Nriagu, 1999;Frengstad et al, 2000). Moreover, the occurrence of Tl in the groundwaters in Lanmuchang may be an unparalleled case related to recognizable Tl mineralization (Chen, 1989a,b;Chen et al, 1996;Li, 1996) rather than sulfide mineralization of lead, zinc, iron and copper, polymetallic extracting-processing or cement plant emission (Zitko, 1975b;Dolgner et al, 1983;Schoer, 1984).…”

Section: Interpretation Of Tl Dispersion In Waterscontrasting

confidence: 54%

“…The distribution of Tl species can be influenced by complex agents, particulates, and colloids in water. These factors are therefore responsible for the unexpected Tl 3+ / Tl + ratios (Lin and Nriagu, 1999). The high portion of Tl 3+ in seawater was also observed by Batley and Florence (1975), and they reported that 80% of the thallium in Pacific Ocean was found to occur in form Tl 3+ and only 20% occurs as Tl + and alkyl-thallium compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…This unexpected finding was obtained from the study of Lin and Nriagu (1999). They showed that Tl 3+ is the predominant form of dissolved thallium in the Great Lakes water in north America accounting for 68±6% of the dissolved phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Environmental impact of thallium related to the mercury-thallium-gold mineralization in southwest Guizhou Province China

Xiao¹

2001

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Toxic metals associated with metal mineralization and mining are critical targets for environmental studies. Thallium, as a typical toxic metal, has received less attention from a geo-environmental perspective since thallium deposits are relatively rare.This study focuses on natural accumulation of thallium associated with Hg-Tl-(Au) mineralization in the Lanmuchang area in southwest Guizhou Province, China, as a case study for thallium hazard in a geo-environmental perspective. It aims at understanding of the occurrence, the transfer processes and the environmental impacts of thallium related to natural processes and human activity. The distribution and dispersion of thallium together with mercury and arsenic in bedrock, sulfide ore, coals, soil, sediment, ground and surface waters, crops and vegetation have been examined.This study shows that the Lanmuchang area can be characterized as a specific geological context of thallium, mercury and arsenic accumulations. The extensive occurrences of sulfide minerals, such as lorandite, cinnabar, realgar, orpiment and pyrite are the primary carriers of Tl, Hg and As in the rocks and ores. Thallium occurs either as isomorphous substitution in the structure of sulfide minerals of mercury ores, arsenic ores coals, or as a pure thallium mineral lorandite.Tl, Hg and As accumulations are characterized by their high concentrations in rocks/ores, soils, sediments, (sub)surface waters and various crops. The range of thallium concentrations are 33-35000 ppm in sulfide ores, 12-46 ppm in coals, 33-490 ppm in host rocks, 25-1100 ppm in secondary minerals, and 6-330 ppm in outcropped host rocks. Thallium concentrations in soils in the mineralized area range from 53 to 282 ppm, from 21 to 100 ppm in alluvial deposits or foundation soils, from 40 to 46 ppm in slope wash material, and from 2.2 to 29 ppm in undisturbed natural soil. A high concentration has also been observed in sediments, ranging from 10 to 3700 ppm. Thallium concentrations are also high in the deep groundwater of the thallium-mineralized area (13.4-1102 \lg/\), decreasing away from the area to a background level of less than 0.005 |ig/l. In stream water, thallium concentration ranges from 0.3 to 33 jig/1, with marked high contents in downstream sections which likely originated from an unidentified groundwater discharge. In the edible parts of various vegetables and cereals, thallium ranges from 0.21 to 494 ppm (dry weight). The uptake of thallium is more pronounced in vegetables than in cereals, and the highest accumulation occurs in green cabbage.The dispersion of thallium together with mercury and arsenic in the specific ecosystem of Lanmuchang is constrained by the original Tl-Hg-As sulfide mineralization, the specific topography and hydro-geomorphology, and by the disturbance of human activity. High values of thallium are concentrated in the mineralized and mining area; away from this area, thallium concentrations decreases gradually to a background level. Thallium from bedrocks is accumulated in soils, se...

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Section: Interpretation Of Tl Dispersion In Waterscontrasting

confidence: 54%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

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Environmental impact of thallium related to the mercury-thallium-gold mineralization in southwest Guizhou Province China

Xiao¹

2001

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“…Lin and Nriagu (10) believe that the distribution of thallium in two US rivers points to urban run-off as an important contamination source.…”

Section: Thallium Is Included In Us Environmental Protectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thallium Toxicity in Humans

Cvjetko

Pavlica

2010

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology

162

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Thallium is a naturally occurring trace element, widely distributed in the earth's crust, but at very low concentrations. It does not have a known biological use and does not appear to be an essential element for life. It has been considered one of the most toxic heavy metals. Occasionally, there are reports on thallium poisoning as results of suicide or murder attempt or accident. The main threat to humans is through occupational exposure, environmental contamination, and accumulation in food, mainly in vegetables grown on contaminated soil. Increasing use in emerging new technologies and demanding high-tech industry constantly raise concern about exposure risk to all living organisms. Thallium is considered a cumulative poison that can cause adverse health effects and degenerative changes in many organs. The effects are the most severe in the nervous system. The exact mechanism of thallium toxicity still remains unknown, although impaired glutathione metabolism, oxidative stress, and disruption of potassium-regulated homeostasis may play a role. The lack of data about mutagenic, carcinogenic, or teratogenic effects of thallium compounds in humans calls for further research.

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“…150,151 152 Levels in other waters were much higher, especially in industrial wastewaters, where values exceeding 1000 ng dm À3 were reported. 153 The proportion of (CH 3 ) 2 Tl ion to total thallium (where the former could be detected at all) 151 ranged from 3 to 48%, but there was no correlation between the two sets of concentrations.…”

Section: Thalliummentioning

confidence: 92%

Review: Biological methylation of less‐studied elements

Thayer

2002

Applied Organom Chemis

101

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Biological methylation is an enzymatic process in which a methyl group is transferred from one atom to another. For elements having atomic number greater than 11, biological methylation has been most extensively studied for three elements: arsenic, mercury and sulfur. However, many other elements also undergo biological methylation but have received less attention. Recent work on these lessstudied elements and new applications of biological methylation to environmental remediation, along with a description of these reactions in terms of bonding models, is the focus of this review.

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Thallium Speciation in the Great Lakes

Cited by 127 publications

References 35 publications

Environmental impact of thallium related to the mercury-thallium-gold mineralization in southwest Guizhou Province China

Environmental impact of thallium related to the mercury-thallium-gold mineralization in southwest Guizhou Province China

Thallium Toxicity in Humans

Review: Biological methylation of less‐studied elements

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