Th9 Cell Differentiation and Its Dual Effects in Tumor Development

Abstract

With the improved understanding of the molecular pathogenesis and characteristics of cancers, the critical role of the immune system in preventing tumor development has been widely accepted. The understanding of the relationship between the immune system and cancer progression is constantly evolving, from the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis to immunoediting theory and the delicate balance in the tumor microenvironment. Currently, immunotherapy is regarded as a promising strategy against cancers. Although adoptive cell therapy (ACT) has shown some exciting results regarding the rejection of tumors, the effect is not always satisfactory. Cellular therapy with CD4 + T cells remains to be further explored since the current ACT is mainly focused on CD8 + cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Recently, Th9 cells, a subgroup of CD4 + T helper cells characterized by the secretion of IL-9 and IL-10, have been reported to be effective in the elimination of solid tumors and to exhibit superior antitumor properties to Th1 and Th17 cells. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the understanding of Th9 cell differentiation and the dual role, both anti-tumor and pro-tumor effects, of Th9 cells in tumor progression.

Antibody-based delivery of Interleukin-9 to neovascular structures: therapeutic evaluation in cancer and arthritis

“…The function of IL9 in tumor immunity is controversial [52][53][54]. It has been generally suggested that IL9 may inhibit the growth of solid tumors by activating the innate or adaptive immune response [55,56], while as a lymphocyte growth factor it may promote progression of hematological malignancies [10,12].…”

“…It has been generally suggested that IL9 may inhibit the growth of solid tumors by activating the innate or adaptive immune response [55,56], while as a lymphocyte growth factor it may promote progression of hematological malignancies [10,12]. However, since IL9 has also been reported to promote proliferation of multiple solid tumor models (like pancreatic cancer, lung cancer and colitis associated cancer) [57][58][59], its anti-cancer activity may be context and tumor type specific [52][53][54].…”

Antibody-based delivery of interleukin-9 to neovascular structures: Therapeutic evaluation in cancer and arthritis

“…The function of IL9 in tumor immunity is controversial. 53–55 It has been generally suggested that IL9 may inhibit the growth of solid tumors by activating the innate or adaptive immune response, 56,57 while as a lymphocyte growth factor it may promote progression of hematological malignancies. 10,12 However, since IL9 has also been reported to promote proliferation of multiple solid tumor models (like pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, and colitis associated cancer), 58–60 its anti-cancer activity may be context and tumor type specific.…”

“…10,12 However, since IL9 has also been reported to promote proliferation of multiple solid tumor models (like pancreatic cancer, lung cancer, and colitis associated cancer), 58–60 its anti-cancer activity may be context and tumor type specific. 53–55…”

Critical Roles of Balanced T Helper 9 Cells and Regulatory T Cells in Allergic Airway Inflammation and Tumor Immunity

“…IL-9 has been considered a predominant signature cytokine of Th9 cells and plays critical roles in the allergic and antitumor immune responses mediated by Th9 cells [38,39]. Furthermore, mouse and human Th9 cells also secret other cytokines such as IL-21, IL-10, IL-17, and IL-22, which orchestrate the immune responses in cancer and allergic asthma [30,[40][41][42].…”