Th2 polarization of the immune response of BALB/c mice to <i>Ixodes ricinus</i> instars, importance of several antigens in activation of specific Th2 subpopulations

Mejri, Naceur; Franscini, Nicola; Rutti, B.; Brossard, Michel

doi:10.1046/j.1365-3024.2001.00356.x

Cited by 52 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…It has been shown that the tick saliva or SGE diminish the production of Th1-related cytokines and increase the production of Th2-related cytokines (11)(12)(13)(14). In this study, we have demonstrated that the preferential induction of Th2 responses by tick saliva is also a consequence of its modulatory effect on DCs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

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Tick Saliva Inhibits Dendritic Cell Migration, Maturation, and Function while Promoting Development of Th2 Responses

Skallová

Iezzi

Ampenberger

et al. 2008

The Journal of Immunology

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Similarly to other blood-feeding arthropods, ticks have evolved immunosuppressive mechanisms enabling them to overcome the host immune system. Although the immunomodulatory effect of tick saliva on several cell populations of the immune system has been extensively studied, little is known about its impact on dendritic cells (DCs). We have examined the effect of Ixodes ricinus tick saliva on DC function in vitro and in vivo. Exposure of DCs to tick saliva in vitro resulted in impaired maturation, upon CD40 or TLR9, TLR3 and TLR7 ligation, as well as reduced Ag presentation capacity. Administration of tick saliva in vivo significantly inhibited maturation and early migration of DCs from inflamed skin to draining lymph nodes, and decreased the capacity of lymph node DCs to present soluble Ag to specific T cells. Moreover, saliva-exposed DCs failed to induce efficient Th1 and Th17 polarization and promoted development of Th2 responses. Our data reveal a complex inhibitory effect exerted by tick saliva on DC function. Given the role of DCs as the key instigators of adaptive immune responses, alteration of their function might represent a major mechanism of tick-mediated immune evasion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…Moreover, tick saliva has been reported to favor development of a Th2-type immune response, characterized by production of high levels of IL-4 and IL-10 and low levels of IFN-␥ and IL-12 (11)(12)(13)(14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick Saliva Inhibits Dendritic Cell Migration, Maturation, and Function while Promoting Development of Th2 Responses

Skallová

Iezzi

Ampenberger

et al. 2008

The Journal of Immunology

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“…This is indeed expected while using Freund's adjuvant known to polarise the response to Th1 components as compared to other adjuvants such as alum [33]. On the contrary, in BALB/c mice, nymph infestations have been typically reported to polarize the immune system towards a Th2 response, an effect related to immunosuppression [34]. Accordingly, we assumed that Th1 polarization should facilitate protection of the host.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Protective immunity against Ixodes ricinus induced by a salivary serpin

Prévôt

Couvreur

Denis

et al. 2007

Vaccine

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Iris is a specific elastase inhibitor expressed in the salivary glands of the hard tick Ixodes ricinus. It belongs to the superfamily of serpins and interferes with both haemostasis and the immune response of the host. In this study, we first show that Iris is expressed in nymphs but not in the female midgut nor in males. We also show that Iris is present in the saliva. To examine its potency as anti-tick vaccine candidate, we set up three models of I. ricinus infestation on immunized animals: nymphs on mice, and adults and nymphs on rabbits. We report the rise of neutralizing antibodies following immunization of rabbits and mice. This comes with a significant protective immunity against ticks in rabbits only, resulting in a 30% mortality rate and a diminution of weight gain in both nymphs and adults and a prolongation of blood feeding time in adults. This is the first report on an anti-tick vaccine trial on I. ricinus using a protein able to interact with both host immunity and haemostasis, as a vaccinating antigen.

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“…The divergence of mammals from both schistosomes and nematodes occurred at the protostome-deuterostome split about 1 billion years ago, and it is possible that molecular patterns exist to differentiate these two broad groups of animals. Consistent with this possibility is evidence that exposure to arthropods can lead to Th2 induction (36). Carbohydrate structures shared by many groups of protostomes have been identified (18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Both Free-Living and Parasitic Nematodes Induce a Characteristic Th2 Response That Is Dependent on the Presence of Intact Glycans

et al. 2004

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Infection with parasitic nematodes is characterized by the induction of a profound type 2 immune response. We have studied the role of glycans in the induction of the skewed type 2 response by antigens of the parasitic nematode Brugia malayi as well as the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Lymph node cells from BALB/c mice immunized with soluble extracts of the two nematodes showed distinct antigen-specific proliferation and cytokine production; however, both nematodes induced antigen-specific interleukin 4 (IL-4) production, demonstrating that the induction of a biased type 2 response is not unique to parasitic nematodes. Sodium periodate-treated soluble extracts of both nematodes consistently induced significantly less IL-4 production than the respective mock-treated extracts, indicating that glycans play a critical role in the induction of the Th2 immune response by these nematodes. The glycan-dependent induction of the Th2-potentiating cytokine IL-4 occurs by 72 h postinoculation. Our data suggest that glycan determinants common to nematodes act as ligands, displaying distinct molecular patterns that trigger the immune system to launch a biased Th2 immune response upon exposure to these organisms or their products. Further, the similarity of our findings to those for Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen is striking considering the enormous phylogenetic distance between nematodes and trematodes. These data thus have important implications for how the mammalian host responds to widely divergent metazoan invaders and suggest that the powerful C. elegans model system can be used to address these questions.

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Th2 polarization of the immune response of BALB/c mice to Ixodes ricinus instars, importance of several antigens in activation of specific Th2 subpopulations

Cited by 52 publications

References 35 publications

Tick Saliva Inhibits Dendritic Cell Migration, Maturation, and Function while Promoting Development of Th2 Responses

Tick Saliva Inhibits Dendritic Cell Migration, Maturation, and Function while Promoting Development of Th2 Responses

Protective immunity against Ixodes ricinus induced by a salivary serpin

Both Free-Living and Parasitic Nematodes Induce a Characteristic Th2 Response That Is Dependent on the Presence of Intact Glycans

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