Th2 cells as an intermediate for the differentiation of na�ve T cells into Th9 cells, associated with the Smad3/Smad4 and IRF4 pathway

Abdelaziz, Mohamed Hamed; Wang, Huixuan; Cheng, Jianjun; Xu, Huaxi

doi:10.3892/etm.2020.8420

Cited by 9 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Its receptor is expressed on sensory neurons, epithelial cells or keratinocytes 88,89 . Th2 immune responses are often accompanied by allergen‐specific Th9 cells, which differentiate upon exposure to IL‐4 and TGF‐β 90 . Th9 cells can be considered substantial players in type IVb hypersensitivity.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of the Most Important Allergic Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…88,89 Th2 immune responses are often accompanied by allergen-specific Th9 cells, which differentiate upon exposure to IL-4 and TGF-β. 90 Th9 cells can be considered substantial players in type IVb hypersensitivity. They produce IL-9, which enhances IL-4-mediated synthesis of IgE by B cells and is an important growth factor for MC precursors in the bone marrow, eosinophils and basophils.…”

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nomenclature of allergic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions: Adapted to modern needs: An EAACI position paper

Jutel,

Agache,

Zemelka‐Wiacek

et al. 2023

Allergy

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The exponential growth of precision diagnostic tools, including omic technologies, molecular diagnostics, sophisticated genetic and epigenetic editing, imaging and nano‐technologies and patient access to extensive health care, has resulted in vast amounts of unbiased data enabling in‐depth disease characterization. New disease endotypes have been identified for various allergic diseases and triggered the gradual transition from a disease description focused on symptoms to identifying biomarkers and intricate pathogenetic and metabolic pathways. Consequently, the current disease taxonomy has to be revised for better categorization. This European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Position Paper responds to this challenge and provides a modern nomenclature for allergic diseases, which respects the earlier classifications back to the early 20th century. Hypersensitivity reactions originally described by Gell and Coombs have been extended into nine different types comprising antibody‐ (I‐III), cell‐mediated (IVa‐c), tissue‐driven mechanisms (V‐VI) and direct response to chemicals (VII). Types I‐III are linked to classical and newly described clinical conditions. Type IVa‐c are specified and detailed according to the current understanding of T1, T2 and T3 responses. Types V‐VI involve epithelial barrier defects and metabolic‐induced immune dysregulation, while direct cellular and inflammatory responses to chemicals are covered in type VII. It is notable that several combinations of mixed types may appear in the clinical setting. The clinical relevance of the current approach for allergy practice will be conferred in another article that will follow this year, aiming at showing the relevance in clinical practice where various endotypes can overlap and evolve over the lifetime.

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Section: Mechanisms Of the Most Important Allergic Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: F I G U R Ementioning

confidence: 99%

Nomenclature of allergic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions: Adapted to modern needs: An EAACI position paper

Jutel,

Agache,

Zemelka‐Wiacek

et al. 2023

Allergy

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, TGF-β activates Foxp3, resulting in Th0-to-Treg cell differentiation ( 44 ). TGF-β also promotes Th0 -to-Th9 differentiation by inducing PU.1, which is encoded by Sfpi1 ( 26 ), as well as IRF4, activated by IL-4 ( 27 ). BATF is another TF necessary for Th9 cell differentiation ( 45 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PU.1 and IRF4 have proven critical for Th9 cell differentiation ( 24 , 25 ). PU.1 is induced by TGF-β ( 26 ), while IRF4 is induced by IL-4 ( 27 ) in conjunction with antigen receptor stimulation. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of PU.1 or IRF4 increases IL-9 production in the polarization of Th9 cell cultures ( 23 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irradiated whole‑cell vaccine suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice via Th9 cells

et al. 2021

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“…The increased levels and functions of type 9 T-helper (Th9) cells involved in inflammatory disease, accompanied with increased Th2-cell activity. 89 Further study indicated that SMAD4 was involved in Th2 differentiated into Th9 through TGF-b/SMAD3/SMAD4 and interferon-regulatory factor4 (IRF-4) signaling pathway and loss expression of SMAD4 lead to Th2-related cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, and serum IgA over-production, which was associated with the pathogenesis of human IgA nephropathy. 89 , 90 …”

Section: Functions Of Smad4 and Its Mutants In T Cellsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Consequences of Mutations and Abnormal Expression of SMAD4 in Tumors and T Cells

Wan

Feng

Tang

2021

OTT

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SMAD4 is a typical tumor suppressor in the TGF-β signaling pathway. In human cancers, SMAD4 is frequently mutated and inactivated. In recent years, the consequences of mutations and inactivation of SMAD4 are gradually becoming clearer. Most of the mutations have negative consequences and reduce the chances of survival of their carriers. Loss of SMAD4 functions due to mutations or abnormal expression can suppress the inhibition of tumor growth and support the tumor progression. Functions of SMAD4 and its variants in T cells are being studied extensively, to better understand the SMAD4 functions in T cells. In this review, we mainly discuss the recently reported consequences of mutations and abnormal expression of SMAD4 in tumors, and the effects of loss, deficiency or mutation of SMAD4 and its T cells, to show the use of SMAD4 mutations in cancer diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.

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Th2 cells as an intermediate for the differentiation of na�ve T cells into Th9 cells, associated with the Smad3/Smad4 and IRF4 pathway

Cited by 9 publications

References 31 publications

Nomenclature of allergic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions: Adapted to modern needs: An EAACI position paper

Nomenclature of allergic diseases and hypersensitivity reactions: Adapted to modern needs: An EAACI position paper

Irradiated whole‑cell vaccine suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice via Th9 cells

Consequences of Mutations and Abnormal Expression of SMAD4 in Tumors and T Cells

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