Th2 Biased Immunity With Altered B Cell Profiles in Circulation of Patients With Sporotrichosis Caused by Sporothrix globosa

Biological and Clinical Attributes of Sporothrix globosa, a Causative Agent of Sporotrichosis

“… 90 , 91 Th1 response has been considered critical to host defense against S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis infection since produces an increase in cytokines levels such as IFN-γ, which activates immune effector cells, 83 while Th17 response is found crucial for optimal fungal clearance. 92 Additionally, an enhanced Th1 response is reported when the fungal stimulus comes from a cutaneous infection and not from the visceral disease, being the latter responsible to induce a Th2 response. 93 In contrast, recent studies have demonstrated a predominant Th2 response against S. globosa , while in systemic S. schenckii infected mice it was reported to begin in the later phase of infection.…”

“… 93 In contrast, recent studies have demonstrated a predominant Th2 response against S. globosa , while in systemic S. schenckii infected mice it was reported to begin in the later phase of infection. 92 Moreover, studies in other pathogenic fungi, such as Cryptococcus neoformans , have shown that Th2 cells may inhibit Th1 and Th17 responses, prolonging fungal survival and inducing alternatively activated macrophages, which results in a worsened fungal infection. 92 On the other hand, regulatory T-cells ratio is reported to be increased in S. schenckii infected mice at the early phase of infection, while in S. brasiliensis -infected mice, a long-lasting elevated regulatory T cells (Tregs) response is reported.…”

“… 92 Moreover, studies in other pathogenic fungi, such as Cryptococcus neoformans , have shown that Th2 cells may inhibit Th1 and Th17 responses, prolonging fungal survival and inducing alternatively activated macrophages, which results in a worsened fungal infection. 92 On the other hand, regulatory T-cells ratio is reported to be increased in S. schenckii infected mice at the early phase of infection, while in S. brasiliensis -infected mice, a long-lasting elevated regulatory T cells (Tregs) response is reported. 92 S. globosa -infected patients have shown decreased Tregs cytokines, thus suggesting a dysfunction in the response of these immune cells.…”

“… 92 On the other hand, regulatory T-cells ratio is reported to be increased in S. schenckii infected mice at the early phase of infection, while in S. brasiliensis -infected mice, a long-lasting elevated regulatory T cells (Tregs) response is reported. 92 S. globosa -infected patients have shown decreased Tregs cytokines, thus suggesting a dysfunction in the response of these immune cells. 92 Furthermore, previous reports indicate that humoral immunity also participates in the antifungal response against S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis infection.…”

“… 92 S. globosa -infected patients have shown decreased Tregs cytokines, thus suggesting a dysfunction in the response of these immune cells. 92 Furthermore, previous reports indicate that humoral immunity also participates in the antifungal response against S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis infection. In contrast, in the S. globosa infection, a positive correlation between Th2/Tregs and IgD-CD27-double-negative B cells (DN B) was found, whose role is still unclear, but it is believed that DN B cells might be exhausted memory B cells or a memory B cell precursor.…”