Th1 response in BALB/c mice immunized with Dirofilaria immitis soluble antigens: a possible role for Wolbachia?

Marcos‐Atxutegi, C.; Kramer, Laura; Fernandez, I; Simoncini, Lavinia; Genchi, Marco; Prieto, G; Simón, F.

doi:10.1016/s0304-4017(02)00419-3

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…16). The Th2 response was directed mainly against D. immitis antigens, whereas the Th1 response was stimulated by Wolbachia (256). This polarization of the immune response has also been shown for natural infections.…”

Section: Immunopathogenic Mechanisms In Dirofilariasismentioning

confidence: 81%

Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic

et al. 2012

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SUMMARY Dirofilariasis represents a zoonotic mosaic, which includes two main filarial species ( Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens ) that have adapted to canine, feline, and human hosts with distinct biological and clinical implications. At the same time, both D. immitis and D. repens are themselves hosts to symbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia , the study of which has resulted in a profound shift in the understanding of filarial biology, the mechanisms of the pathologies that they produce in their hosts, and issues related to dirofilariasis treatment. Moreover, because dirofilariasis is a vector-borne transmitted disease, their distribution and infection rates have undergone significant modifications influenced by global climate change. Despite advances in our knowledge of D. immitis and D. repens and the pathologies that they inflict on different hosts, there are still many unknown aspects of dirofilariasis. This review is focused on human and animal dirofilariasis, including the basic morphology, biology, protein composition, and metabolism of Dirofilaria species; the climate and human behavioral factors that influence distribution dynamics; the disease pathology; the host-parasite relationship; the mechanisms involved in parasite survival; the immune response and pathogenesis; and the clinical management of human and animal infections.

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Section: Immunopathogenic Mechanisms In Dirofilariasismentioning

confidence: 81%

Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic

et al. 2012

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“…Keiser et al (2002) reported Wolbachia DNA in the blood of patients after microfilaricidal treatment for Onchocerca volvulus. Furthermore, circulating antibodies against WSP in numerous filarial-worm infected hosts confirm that the host immune system specifically recognizes a Wolbachia-derived molecule (Bazzocchi et al, 2000;Punkosdy et al, 2001Punkosdy et al, , 2003Marcos-Atxutegi et al, 2003;Brattig et al, 2004). There is very little information regarding the immune response to Wolbachia during human dirofilariasis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Wolbachia has been suggested to play a role in both the immune response to filarial infection and in the inflammatory/immunomodulatory features of filarial disease. Specific immune responses to the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) have been reported in several hosts of filarial worms (Bazzocchi et al, 2000;Punkosdy et al, 2001;Marcos-Atxutegi et al, 2003;Punkosdy et al, 2003;Brattig et al, 2004;Kramer et al, 2005), including human patients with pulmonary dirofilariasis (Simón et al, 2003) by D. immitis. Here, we describe for the first time Wolbachia distribution in D. repens and specific immune response to Wolbachia in patients with subcutaneous dirofilariasis.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Wolbachia in Dirofilaria repens, an Agent Causing Human Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis

Grandi

Morchón

Kramer³

et al. 2008

Journal of Parasitology

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Human subcutaneous dirofilariasis is an increasingly reported zoonosis caused by several filarial species, in particular by Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens. Like many filarial worms, D. repens harbors the bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia that has been implicated in the inflammatory features of filarial infection. Immunohistochemical staining against the Wolbachia surface protein (WSP) was carried out on 14 skin nodules and showed numerous bacteria within the intact worms and occasional positive staining within the surrounding inflammatory infiltrate. Serum samples from 11 of these patients resulted positive for total immunoglobulin G titers against WSP as examined in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This is the first description of Wolbachia distribution in D. repens and the first report of specific immune response to Wolbachia in patients with subcutaneous dirofilariasis.

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“…Η άφιξη και η εγκατάσταση των ενηλίκων φιλαριών στους κλάδους της πνευμονικής αρτηρίας έχει ως αποτέλεσμα τη δημιουργία των πρώτων αλλοιώσεων στο ενδοθήλιο των αγγείων. Τότε, ενεργοποιούνται παράλληλα οι υποπληθυσμοί των Th1 και των Th2 λεμφοκυττάρων (ανοσολογική αντίδραση τύπου Τh1/ Th2) (Marcos Atxutegi et al 2003). Η ένταση και η έκταση των αλλοιώσεων σχετίζονται με τον αριθμό των παρασίτων, τη σωματική άσκηση του ζώου, τη χρονική διάρκεια της μόλυνσης και την ένταση της αντίδρασης του ξενιστή στα νεκρά παράσιτα (Bowman and Atkins 2009).…”

Section: παθογενειαunclassified

Διροφιλαρίωση Του Σκύλου: Παθογένεια Και Διάγνωση Ενός Πολυδιάστατου Νοσήματος

Sinanis

Koutinas

Diakou

et al. 2017

J Hellenic Vet Med Soc

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Canine heartworm disease (dirofilariosis) caused by Dirofilaria immitis is a parasitic disease frequently occurring in the para-Mediterranean countries. Global climate changes, animal transportation and inappropriate implementation of preventive measures in companion animals are some factors that have contributed to expansion of the disease in the last decades. Transmission of the parasite is carried out by mosquitoes, whilst the final hosts are members of the Canidae family or occasionally other animal species and humans. Apart from the endothelial lesions caused by the adult filariae, the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis appears to play a role in the pathogenesis of the disease, through endotoxin production and production of specific IgG responses by the host against the bacterium’s surface proteins. Based on clinical and laboratory findings, dogs with the disease can be categorized into one of four clinical stages, ranging from asymptomatic to caval syndrome. Diagnosis of the disease can be reached after evaluation of clinical findings, in conjunction with paraclinical examinations, e.g., microfilarial and antigen testing, diagnostic imaging, haematological and blood biochemical examination.

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Th1 response in BALB/c mice immunized with Dirofilaria immitis soluble antigens: a possible role for Wolbachia?

Cited by 27 publications

References 28 publications

Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic

Human and Animal Dirofilariasis: the Emergence of a Zoonotic Mosaic

Wolbachia in Dirofilaria repens, an Agent Causing Human Subcutaneous Dirofilariasis

Διροφιλαρίωση Του Σκύλου: Παθογένεια Και Διάγνωση Ενός Πολυδιάστατου Νοσήματος

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