Th1 and th2 cytokine expression in nasopharyngeal secretions during acute bronchiolitis in children younger than two years old

Flores, Patricia; Guimarães, João Pedro Tôrres; Amaral, J.M. Videira

doi:10.1016/j.aller.2010.03.008

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This is consistent with other studies that have suggested that children exposed to SHS have suppressed immune responses. 18–20 Even using the more conservative statistical model, our study found a significant decrease in IFN-γ amongst SHS- exposed children; this is consistent with the prior finding of IFN-γ suppression in children exposed to SHS. 13 …”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Secondhand smoke exposure and serum cytokine levels in healthy children

et al. 2012

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Background Exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is associated morbidity in children. Alterations in immune responses may explain this relationship, but have not been well-studied in children. Our objective was to determine the association between SHS exposure and serum cytokine levels in healthy children. Methods We recruited 1–6 year old patients undergoing routine procedures. A parent interview assessed medical history and SHS exposure. Children with asthma were excluded. Blood was collected under anesthesia. We used Luminex to test for a panel of cytokines; cotinine was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Children were categorized as no, intermediate, or high exposure. A mixed-effects model was fit to determine differences in cytokines by exposure level. Results Of the 40 children recruited, 65% (N=26) had SHS exposure; 16 intermediate, and 10 high. There were no differences by demographics. In bivariate analyses, children exposed to SHS had lower concentrations of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-5, and IFN- γ than those with no exposure. In the mixed-effects model, children with any SHS exposure had significantly lower concentrations of IL-1β (0.554 pg/mL vs. 0.249 pg/mL) and IFN- γ (4.193 pg/mL vs. 0.816 pg/mL), and children with high exposure had significantly lower mean concentrations of IL-4 (8.141 pg/mL vs. 0.135 pg/mL) than children with no exposure. Conclusions This study suggests that SHS exposure decreases expression of some pro-inflammatory cytokines in SHS exposed children, including IFN-γ. Further research to describe the acute and chronic effects of SHS on the immune systems of children is needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Secondhand smoke exposure and serum cytokine levels in healthy children

et al. 2012

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“…In our study RSV bronchiolitis evoked a Th1 response (predominantly IFNγ elevation over IL-4) in both peripheral blood and NPA which was contrary to the above studies. Similar to our study, Flores et al 10 from Portugal reported Th1 cytokine response in nasopharyngeal secretions among infants with RSV bronchiolitis while van Schaik et al 11 have reported an increased IFNγ levels over IL-4 levels in nasopharyngeal secretions from infants with RSV infection. They also suggested the possibility of double hit hypothesis8 stressing the role of host (genetic) and environmental factors in addition to the RSV infection in deciding the cytokine response.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

Nasopharyngeal aspirate & blood cytokine profile in infants hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: A pilot study from south India

et al. 2016

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Background & objectives:Following a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis, only some infants develop serious illness, and a proportion of them develop recurrent wheeze subsequently. Studies have revealed that cytokine expression following RSV infection may influence the severity and also the risk for subsequent reactive airway disease. This present study was conducted to determine the blood, and nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA) cytokine profile among infants admitted for RSV bronchiolitis.Methods:In this prospective pilot study, a sample size of 15 cases and 15 controls was included. Detailed history, physical examination, blood sample and NPA collection were done. Cytokines (IFNγ and IL-4) estimation was done in the blood and NPA samples of cases and blood samples of controls.Results:The mean levels of interferon gamma in controls (blood) and cases (NPA and blood) were 5.95, 9.54 and 32.02 pg/ml, respectively. The mean levels of interleukin-4 in controls (blood), and cases (NPA and blood) were 1280.77, 956.08 and 692.37 pg/ml, respectively (P<0.05).Interpretation & conclusions:Our study showed that infants with RSV bronchiolitis evoked a Th1 response in both blood and NPA. Large multicentre studies are needed to validate our findings.

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“…Still, only three studies have focused on the first wheezing episode/bronchiolitis and have analyzed complete virology and children's sensitization status . These three studies used wheezing as inclusion criterion, while other bronchiolitis studies have also included crackles, and missed blood samples . At the first wheezing episode, sensitization and rhinovirus have been linked to recurrent wheezing/asthma, and rhinovirus has been linked to atopic characteristics, whereas respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)‐induced bronchiolitis has mainly not .…”

Section: Distribution Of Risk Factors At Study Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This suggests that the future asthma risk could be assessed already at the time of the first wheezing episode. However, only few studies have particularly focused on the first wheezing episode , while most bronchiolitis studies have also included crackles with or without wheezing . Bronchiolitis is classically an RSV‐induced illness in infants, whereas wheezing typically occurs in older children and is more closely linked to rhinovirus .…”

Section: Distribution Of Risk Factors At Study Entrymentioning

confidence: 99%