TGF-β2 is a Prognostic Biomarker Correlated with Immune Cell Infiltration in Colorectal Cancer

Tu, Yifeng; Han, Junjun; Dong, Quan-jin; Chai, Rui; Li, Na; Lu, Qiliang; Xiao, Zunqiang; Guo, Yang; Wan, Ziang; Xu, Qiuran

doi:10.1097/md.0000000000023024

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…AP12009 (Trabedersen) is an 18-mer AON targeting TGF-β2 mRNA that has been evaluated in clinical trials for several advanced solid tumors, including pancreatic and colorectal carcinoma, melanoma and glioma with encouraging results and a good safety profile [11,120]. Downregulation of TGF-β2 expression not only results in the inhibition of cancer cell growth, it may also enhance immunity against the tumor [121]. This notion led to the development of tumor cell vaccines like Lucanix, which expresses TGF-β2 AON, or Vigil that harbors a short hairpin RNAi targeting furin convertase, involved in TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 precursors processing [120].…”

Section: Antisense Oligonucleotidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The TGF-β Pathway: A Pharmacological Target in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

Gonzalez-Sanchez

Vaquero

Fernández‐Barrena

et al. 2021

Cancers

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Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) superfamily members are essential for tissue homeostasis and consequently, dysregulation of their signaling pathways contributes to the development of human diseases. In the liver, TGF-β signaling participates in all the stages of disease progression from initial liver injury to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). During liver carcinogenesis, TGF-β plays a dual role on the malignant cell, behaving as a suppressor factor at early stages, but contributing to later tumor progression once cells escape from its cytostatic effects. Moreover, TGF-β can modulate the response of the cells forming the tumor microenvironment that may also contribute to HCC progression, and drive immune evasion of cancer cells. Thus, targeting the TGF-β pathway may constitute an effective therapeutic option for HCC treatment. However, it is crucial to identify biomarkers that allow to predict the response of the tumors and appropriately select the patients that could benefit from TGF-β inhibitory therapies. Here we review the functions of TGF-β on HCC malignant and tumor microenvironment cells, and the current strategies targeting TGF-β signaling for cancer therapy. We also summarize the clinical impact of TGF-β inhibitors in HCC patients and provide a perspective on its future use alone or in combinatorial strategies for HCC treatment.

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Section: Antisense Oligonucleotidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The TGF-β Pathway: A Pharmacological Target in Hepatocellular Carcinoma?

Gonzalez-Sanchez

Vaquero

Fernández‐Barrena

et al. 2021

Cancers

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“…TGF-beta can be secreted by macrophages, immune cells, and tumor cells [ 146 , 147 ] as well as CAFs [ 148 ] in TME. TGF-beta and its receptors: transforming growth factor beta receptor 1 (TGFBR1) and transforming growth factor beta receptor 2 (TGFBR2), are commonly expressed on epithelial cells [ 149 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systemic Interleukins’ Profile in Early and Advanced Colorectal Cancer

Czajka-Francuz

Cisoń-Jurek

Czajka

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Tumor microenvironment (TME) is characterized by mutual interactions of the tumor, stromal and immune cells. Early and advanced colorectal tumors differ in structure and present altered serum cytokine levels. Mutual crosstalk among TME infiltrating cells may shift the balance into immune suppressive or pro-inflammatory, antitumor response this way influencing patients’ prognosis. Cancer-related inflammation affects all the body and this way, the systemic level of cytokines could reflect TME processes. Despite numerous studies, it is still not known how systemic cytokines levels change during colorectal cancer (CRC) tumor development. Better understanding tumor microenvironment processes could help in planning therapeutic interventions and more accurate patient prognosis. To contribute to the comprehension of these processes within TME, we reviewed cytokines levels from clinical trials in early and advanced colorectal cancer. Presented data were analyzed in the context of experimental studies and studies analyzing tumor infiltration with immune cells. The review summarizes clinical data of cytokines secreted by tumor microenvironment cells: lymphocytes T helper 1 (Th1), lymphocytes T helper 2 (Th2), lymphocytes T helper 17 (Th17), regulatory T cells (Treg cells), regulatory T cells (Breg cells), M1/M2 macrophages, N1/N2 neutrophils, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), dendritic cells (DC), innate lymphoid cells (ILC) natural killer (NK) cells and tumor cells.

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