TGF-β2, a Protective Intestinal Cytokine, Is Abundant in Maternal Human Milk and Human-Derived Fortifiers but Not in Donor Human Milk

Reeves, Aaron; Johnson, Marney C.; Vásquez, Margarita; Maheshwari, Akhil; Blanco, Cynthia L.

doi:10.1089/bfm.2013.0017

Cited by 25 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…All milk donors of the Human Milk Banking Association of North America (HMBANA) are screened for potential pathogenicity or toxicity. In addition to the initial screening, HDM is pasteurized to eradicate potential viral or bacterial pathogens (Reeves, Johnson, Vasquez, Maheshwari, & Blanco, 2013). The pasteurization process alters composition of the human donor milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pasteurization process alters composition of the human donor milk. Although HDM is a preferable alternative to cow’s milk based infant formulas, many immunological, nutritional, and microbial factors are lost during pasteurization (Landers & Hartmann, 2013; Li et al, 2009; Reeves et al, 2013). Multiple research groups have reported that pasteurization reduces the innate immunological properties of breast milk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Feeding Type on Gut Microbiome Development in Hospitalized Preterm Infants

et al. 2017

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Background Premature infants have a high risk for dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Mother’s own breastmilk (MOM) has been found to favorably alter gut microbiome composition in infants born at term. Evidence about the influence of feeding type on gut microbial colonization of preterm infants is limited. Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of feeding types on gut microbial colonization of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Methods Thirty-three stable preterm infants were recruited at birth and followed-up for the first 30 days of life. Daily feeding information was used to classify infants into six groups (mother’s own milk [MOM], human donated milk [HDM], formula, MOM+HDM, MOM+Formula, and HDM+forumla) during postnatal days 0–10, 11–20, and 21–30 after birth. Stool samples were collected daily. DNA extracted from stool was used to sequence the 16S rRNA gene. Exploratory data analysis was conducted with a focus on temporal changes of microbial patterns and diversities among infants from different feeding cohorts. Prediction of gut microbial diversity from feeding type was estimated using linear mixed models. Results Preterm infants fed MOM (at least 70% of the total diet) had highest abundance of Clostridiales, Lactobacillales, and Bacillales compared to infants in other feeding groups, whereas infants fed primarily human donor milk or formula had a high abundance of Enterobacteriales compared to infants fed MOM. After controlling for gender, postnatal age, weight and birth gestational age, the diversity of gut microbiome increased over time and was constantly higher in infants fed MOM relative to infants with other feeding types (p < .01). Discussion Mother’s own breast milk benefits gut microbiome development of preterm infants, including balanced microbial community pattern and increased microbial diversity in early life.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Feeding Type on Gut Microbiome Development in Hospitalized Preterm Infants

et al. 2017

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“…While DM has many of the nutritional characteristics of MM, it is normally collected from mothers late in their lactation after a term birth, and pasteurization is needed to eliminate bacterial and viral contaminants (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus and cytomegalovirus). Hence, the nutrient composition of DM differs from that of maternal colostrum and milk after a preterm birth and pasteurization reduces the levels of important bioactive and immunological components (1,23,37). This justifies a search for alternative enteral milk diets to support body growth and GIT maturation in the preterm infant during the first weeks.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bovine colostrum improves neonatal growth, digestive function, and gut immunity relative to donor human milk and infant formula in preterm pigs

Rasmussen

Martin

Østergaard

et al. 2016

American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physi

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Mother's own milk is the optimal first diet for preterm infants, but donor human milk (DM) or infant formula (IF) is used when supply is limited. We hypothesized that a gradual introduction of bovine colostrum (BC) or DM improves gut maturation, relative to IF during the first 11 days after preterm birth. Preterm pigs were fed gradually advancing doses of BC, DM, or IF (3-15 ml·kg(-1)·3 h(-1), n = 14-18) before measurements of gut structure, function, microbiology, and immunology. The BC pigs showed higher body growth, intestinal hexose uptake, and transit time and reduced diarrhea and gut permeability, relative to DM and IF pigs (P < 0.05). Relative to IF pigs, BC pigs also had lower density of mucosa-associated bacteria and of some putative pathogens in colon, together with higher intestinal villi, mucosal mass, brush-border enzyme activities, colonic short chain fatty acid levels, and bacterial diversity and an altered expression of immune-related genes (higher TNFα, IL17; lower IL8, TLR2, TFF, MUC1, MUC2) (all P < 0.05). Values in DM pigs were intermediate. Severe necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) was observed in >50% of IF pigs, while only subclinical intestinal lesions were evident from DM and BC pigs. BC, and to some degree DM, are superior to preterm IF in stimulating gut maturation and body growth, using a gradual advancement of enteral feeding volume over the first 11 days after preterm birth in piglets. Whether the same is true in preterm infants remains to be tested.

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“…105 Human milk contains TGF-b at concentrations as high as 1.5 mg/mL, 106 with expression influenced by maternal factors that include diet, psychosocial stress, history of allergic disease, and stage of lactation. 107 Several clinical studies have demonstrated an association between higher concentrations of TGF-b in milk and decreased risk of neonatal disease, including respiratory difficulty and allergy, 108 and a positive correlation between milk TGF-b concentrations and infant immunoglobulin production. 109 The presence of TGF-b attenuates the inflammatory response to cytokines IL-1b and to the dsRNA viral mimic polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid in primary human fetal intestinal epithelium, 110 and TGF-b in milk promotes the induction of antigenic tolerance during colonization of the neonatal intestine.…”

Section: Immunomodulatory Properties Of Transforming Growth Factor Bmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical applications of bioactive milk components

Hill

Newburg

2015

Nutrition Reviews

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Milk represents a unique resource for translational medicine: It contains a rich pool of biologically active molecules with demonstrated clinical benefits. The ongoing characterization of the mechanistic process through which milk components promote development and immunity has revealed numerous milk-derived compounds with potential applications as clinical therapies in infectious and inflammatory disease, cancer, and other conditions. Lactoferrin is an effective antimicrobial and antiviral agent in high-risk patient populations and a potentially potent adjuvant to chemotherapy in lung cancer. Enteric nutrition formulas supplemented with transforming growth factor b, a milk cytokine, have been shown to promote remission in pediatric Crohn's disease. A number of milk glycans, including human milk oligosaccharides, show promise in preclinical studies as antimicrobial and antiinflammatory agents. While active preclinical investigations of human milk may soon result in large-scale production of human milk molecules, bovine milk components in many instances represent a practical source of bioactive milk compounds for use in clinical trials. This review summarizes current efforts to translate the compounds derived from human and bovine milk into effective clinical therapies. These efforts suggest a common pathway for the translation of milk-derived compounds into clinical applications.

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TGF-β2, a Protective Intestinal Cytokine, Is Abundant in Maternal Human Milk and Human-Derived Fortifiers but Not in Donor Human Milk

Abstract: Pasteurization decreases concentrations of most cytokines and lactoferrin in DHM. TGF-β2, a protective intestinal cytokine, has comparable concentrations in HDMF to MHM despite pasteurization.

Cited by 25 publications

References 30 publications

Influence of Feeding Type on Gut Microbiome Development in Hospitalized Preterm Infants

Influence of Feeding Type on Gut Microbiome Development in Hospitalized Preterm Infants

Bovine colostrum improves neonatal growth, digestive function, and gut immunity relative to donor human milk and infant formula in preterm pigs

Clinical applications of bioactive milk components

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