TGF‐β1 induces EMT reprogramming of porcine bladder urothelial cells into collagen producing fibroblasts‐like cells in a Smad2/Smad3‐dependent manner

Abstract

Activation of fibroblasts and their differentiation into myofibroblasts, excessive collagen production and fibrosis occurs in a number of bladder diseases. Similarly, conversion of epithelial cells into mesenchymal cells (EMT) has been shown to increase fibroblasts like cells. TGF-β1 can induce the EMT and the role of TGF-β1-induced EMT during bladder injury leading to fibrosis and possible organ failure is gaining increasing interest. Here we show that EMT and fibrosis in porcine bladder urothelial (UC) cells are Smad dependent. Fresh normal porcine bladder urothelial cells were grown in culture with or without TGF-β1 and EMT markers were assessed. TGF-β1 treatment induced changes in cellular morphology as depicted by a significant decrease in the expression of E-cadherin and corresponding increase in N-cadherin and α-SMA. We knocked down Smad2 and Smad3 by Smad specific siRNA. Downregulation of E-cadherin expression by TGF-β1 was Smad3-dependent, whereas N-cadherin and α-SMA were dependent on both Smad2 and Smad3. Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 (MMP-2, MMP-9) has been shown to play important roles in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Induction of these genes by TGF-β1 was found to be time dependent. Upregulation of CTGF/CCN2 by TGF-β1 was Smad3 dependent; whereas MMP-2 was Smad2 dependent. Smad2 and Smad3 both participated in MMP-9 expression. TGF-β1 reprogrammed mesenchymal fibroblast like cells robustly expressed collagen I and III and these was inhibited by SB-431542, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor. Our results indicate that EMT of porcine bladder UC cells is TGF-β1 dependent and is mediated through Smad2 and Smad3. TGF-β1 may be an important factor in the development of bladder fibrosis via an EMT mechanism. This identifies a potential amenable therapeutic target.

Hypoxia-stimulated cardiac fibroblast production of IL-6 promotes myocardial fibrosis via the TGF-β1 signaling pathway

“…Islam et al 22 found that TGF-β1 induces the development of bladder fibrosis via a Smad2/Smad3-dependent MMP2/MMP9 signal pathway. Thus, like IL-6, TGF-β1 is a multifunctional cytokine that has different roles in different pathways in the development of fibrotic responses.…”

Schistosoma japonicum protein SjP40 inhibits TGF-β1-induced activation of hepatic stellate cells

“…SB431542 (Selleck Chemicals, USA), which is a potent and selective inhibitor of the TGF-β receptor I (TβR I), was demonstrated to suppress TGF-β1-induced extracellular matrix in different types of cells (Islam et al 2014;Laping et al 2002;Zhao et al 2006). Polyclonal antibodies against alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), pro-collagen type I alpha 1 (pro-COL1A1), TβR I, TGF-β receptor II (TβR II), pSmad2/3, Smad4, and ERK were obtained from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA.…”

The progression of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in gliomas

“…Receptor-associated SMADs interact with EMT-TFs such as AP-1 and Snail [36].TGF-β1 treatment induces a significant change of cellular morphology depicted by increasing α-SMA and N-cadherin and corresponding decreased E-cadherin via a SMAD2/SMAD3-dependent manner. Notably, α-SMA and N-cadherin increases are dependent on both SMAD2 and SMAD3, whereas Ecadherin is down-regulated by TGF-β1 only in a SMAD3-dependent manner [37]. Some studies have confirmed that E-cadherin also could be suppressed by TGF-β through ZEB, Snail and HMGA2.…”