Text-book of physiology

Sharpey‐Schafer, E.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.29723

1898

DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.29723

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Text-book of physiology

E. Sharpey‐Schafer¹

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1919

1935

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Cited by 8 publications

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“…Thus these animals present a striking contrast to those which had their vagi cut in the neck. Sharpey-Schafer [1919, working chiefly on cats, expressed the opinion that the slowing down and deepening of the respiratory movements in cervical vagotomy is not due to the section of the sensory pulmonary fibres, but to an increased mechanical resistance caused by the bilateral paralysis of the laryngeal muscles and the falling together of the thyro-arytenoid ligaments, the laryngeal paralysis obviously resulting from the section of the inferior (recurrent) laryngeal fibres. As a result of a few experiments performed on dogs and rabbits, Sharpey-S c h a f e r ascribes the respiratory slowing down in these animals to the same cause.…”

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Double vagotomy in relation to respiration

Anrep¹,

Samaan²

1932

The Journal of Physiology

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PAVLOv [1895, 1896] and his pupils, Cachcovsky [1899] and Cheshcov [1902], succeeded in keeping dogs alive after simultaneous double vagotomy in the neck. This was the first case reported in the literature of a prolonged survival of dogs operated on in this way. One of these animals survived in Pavlov's laboratory for 19 months, and died from an accidental cause. Pavlov ascribes the success of his experiments to the fact that cesophagostomy and gastrostomy were established in all his dogs before their vagi were cut. The cesophagostomy safeguarded the animals against the penetration of regurgitated food into the respiratory passages. The diet of the animals had to be carefully selected, and the stomach had to be washed out at regular intervals through the gastric fistula, in order to prevent auto-intoxication due to the stagnation of semi-digested food in the stomach. Pavlov and his co-workers give a very detailed description of the changes in the respiratory activity of these vagotomized dogs. In all the animals, immediately after the section of both cervical vagi, the rate of respiration fell to 4-8 per minute. However, this slowing down of breathing gradually disappeared and, towards the second or third week after the operation, the respiratory rate returned almost to normal. After this the rate gradually diminished again and finally settled at 4-8 per minute, the respiration remaining at this slow rate up to the death of the animals. The immediate slowing down of the breathing, its temporary acceleration and then the final slowing down were typical of all operated animals. The respiratory slowing down is ascribed by Pavlov to the section of the sensory pulmonary fibres of the pneumogastric nerves. The temporary acceleration on the second to the fourth week after the operation is tentatively explained as being due to excitations arising in the central ends of the cut vagi during the process of healing at the place of section. Thus Pa vlo v's observations on the slow breathing of surviving vagotomized animals correspond with the results of all the previous authors in vivisection experiments. In PH. LXXVII. I

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Double vagotomy in relation to respiration

Anrep¹,

Samaan²

1932

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Most of M'DOWALL's experiments on living animals were made by the method described by one of us (4), and as it is the method we have used in this research, the results are-as far as they go-comparable. The chief difference in our experiments as compared with those of the previous observers is that we have separated from the pituitary posterior lobe the two substances which it generally contains, which have entirely different effects on the circulation.…”

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The Action of Extracts of the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Body on the Pulmonary Circulation

Sharpey‐Schafer

Macdonald

1926

Exp Physiol

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1. The effect on the circulation of the substance separable by alcohol from the posterior lobe of the bovine pituitary, and the effect of the residue after such separation, has been examined in many experiments on the cat, dog, and rabbit, and in one experiment on the monkey. 2. The alcohol‐extract, when dried and dissolved in water, reproduces in all respects the action of histamine. 3. The residue after extraction with alcohol, when dried and dissolved in water, differs somewhat in its action in the species examined. 4. In the cat, extracts of histamine‐free residue always cause a rise of aortic pressure, and generally a slight fall of pulmonary pressure as well. Occasionally there is no effect produced on the pulmonary pressure; and in one experiment on a decerebrated cat the fall was replaced by a rise, relatively as great as that produced in the aortic pressure. In all animals the rise in aortic pressure is often interrupted by a “dip” somewhat like that caused by stimulation of the splanchnic. This "dip" we have found to be abolished in the cat after tying off the suprarenal capsules; a dose of pressor substance then causes an uninterrupted and prolonged rise in both pulmonary and aortic pressures. We have, however, performed an insufficient number of experiments to prove conclusively that the “dip” is due to the secretion of adrenaline. 5. In the dog and rabbit the histamine‐free substance always produces a distinct fall in pulmonary pressure, often very well marked. In these animals the aortic pressure first rises rapidly and then falls even below the original pressure. The fall in question is not to be confused with the above‐mentioned “dip” in the curve of rising aortic pressure, which may or may not occur as well. After the fall the aortic pressure rises steadily and progressively, and may attain a great height, the pulmonary remaining low. In some cases this progressive rise is replaced by a series of slow and large fluctuations in pressure, somewhat like those which have been described in perfused surviving vessels. 6. Some of these differences are explained when the effects produced on the heart are observed and recorded. In the cat, the effect on the heart is generally slight and may be absent; in the dog and rabbit the heart is slowed and markedly weakened, and although the slowing may be abolished by atropine the weakening is not thereby abolished, or at least far less readily. 7. It is well known that the effect of a first adequate dose of histamine‐free substance in producing contraction of the blood‐vessels is not repeated as the result of subsequent doses given within a certain time after the first dose (tachyphylaxis). This, we find, is also true for the effects on the heart. In other words, the result of a first sufficient dose of this substance, both upon the blood‐vessels and heart, is to establish immunity to the effect of subsequent doses, an immunity which requires a considerable time to pass off. 8. In the single experiment which we were able to make upon a monkey (the animal had alre...

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“…PETIOKY (16) obtained slight and transitory inhibitory effects on the heart on faradic stimulation of the peripheral vagus in the dog 2 to 5 months after section; in the cat 3 to 4 months after section; out of a total of 11 dogs and 5 cats operated on, 13 showed no recovery. His graphic records are difficult to interpret as positive cardiac results, while the most definite inhibition, indicated in the table which he appends, was in a two and a half months' experiment, his longest experiment (5 months) giving no trace of inhibition.…”

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Regeneration of the Peripheral Vagus

Cameron¹

1933

Exp Physiol

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1. Recovery of the cardiac fibres of the vagus has been obtained in 12 rabbits, 5 cats, and 1 dog, the vagus nerve having been cut or crushed in the mid‐cervical region. 2. In the rabbit, regeneration occurs 3 to 4 months after crushing, and between 1 year 2 months and 2 years 8 months after cutting. 3. In the cat, regeneration of the autonomic efferent fibres was obtained 7 months after crushing, and in just over a year (374 days) when the nerve had been cut. 4. Regeneration of cardiac vagus fibres was found to have occurred in a dog 10½ years after the right vago‐sympathetic had been cut high in the neck. 5. In the same dog, periodic attacks of sickness and a fatal termination, probably due to a relative vagal paralysis, indicated that the cesophageal and gastric vagal fibres had not perfectly regenerated after ten years. 6. In the majority of cases, both in cats and rabbits, stimulation below the neuroma gave a more marked inhibition of the heart and consequent fall in blood‐pressure than stimulation above. 7. Independent results on heart as regards rate and force on stimulating the peripheral regenerating vagus were observed in a few animals. 8. In one cat (No. 4) the peripheral regenerating vagus stimulated central to the neuroma gave a negative result, although stimulation peripherally to the neuroma produced marked inhibition. This apparent instance of peripheral regeneration is discussed in the text and a possible explanation offered. 9. In one cat in which no functional regeneration of the central vagus or depressor was observed, but regeneration of at least certain branches of the cervical sympathetic, the thyroid on the operated side was atrophied as compared with the normal side. 10. The eye and ear results of sympathetic paralysis disappeared in rabbits during the first few months; in cats during the third year; in one dog, eye and ear differences, lacrimation, and occasional salivation were still noticeable after ten years. 11. Regeneration of the recurrent laryngeal fibres of the vagus (rabbits and cats), and functional recovery of the respiratory movements of the paralysed cord, were obtained and confirmed histologically. The expense of this research has been partly defrayed by grants from the Earl of Moray Fund and the Medical Research Council.

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Text-book of physiology

Cited by 8 publications

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Double vagotomy in relation to respiration

Double vagotomy in relation to respiration

The Action of Extracts of the Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Body on the Pulmonary Circulation

Regeneration of the Peripheral Vagus

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