Tetrodotoxin and Paralytic Shellfish Toxins in Philippine Crabs

Paralytic toxins in four species of coral reef crabs from Kenting National Park in southern Taiwan

“…This result closely resembled the profile of toxic components of Z. aeneus and X. lividus toxin collected from Lanyu, Hsiaoliuchiu and Wanlitung Hwang et al, 1996;Tsai et al, 2002). However, the crabs Z. aeneus in Ishigaki Island of Okinawa, Australia and Fiji were found to contain PSP, but that in the Philippines was reported to contain TTX (Koyama et al, 1981;Llewellyn & Endean, 1989;Raj et al, 1983;Yasumura et al, 1986). In addition, the other two crabs A. tomentosus and C. retusa all mainly contained TTX, but no PSP in this study.…”

“…LC-MS chromatograms in SIM mode at TIC and m/z 320 for crab toxins from Xanthias lividus (XL-Toxin), Actaeodes tomentosus (AT-toxin), Camposcia retusA (CR-toxin) and Zosimus aeneus (ZA-toxin). and Ishigaki Island of Okinawa (16,500 MU/g) are considerly higher when compared to those in the same species in this work Yasumura, Oshima, Yasumoto, Alcala, & Alcala, 1986).…”

Temporal Variation of the Profile and Concentrations of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins and Tetrodotoxin in the Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis, Cultured in a Bay of East Japan

“…GTX5 was detected in almost all samples, but they were all lower than the LOQ (s/n = 10). Concentrations of C1, GTX1, GTX2, GTX3, GTX4 and TTX in this sample were determined to be 1645, 48,614,35,357,8751,14,195 and 229 nmol/kg, respectively, using the standard curves drawn for the authentic compounds. The peak detected at 19.7 min at m/z 380 > 300 was assigned as 12β-deoxygonyautoxin 3 (12β-deoxyGTX3) ( Figure 1A) based on HR-MS (m/z calculated for C10H18N7O7 S: 380.0980 [M+H] + , found: 380.0989, Δ 2.3 ppm, Figure S1) along with HR-LC-MS and HR-LC-MS/MS by comparison with synthetic 12β-deoxyGTX3 standard [53] (Figures S1 and S2).…”

“…Many TTX-producing marine Tetrodotoxin (TTX, 2, Figure 1B) is also a specific and potent Nav blocker that shares the same binding site as that of STX [10,11]. Although TTX is known as the pufferfish toxin [12], which occasionally causes lethal food poisoning, this toxin has been found in a wide-range of marine and terrestrial animals such as octopuses [13], crabs [14], starfish [15], newts [16], and frogs [17]. In some species of pufferfish and crabs, both TTX and STX were detected [18,19].…”

Palytoxin in Two Species of Xanthid Crab from the Philippines

“…1) The species most frequently implicated in human poisoning is Zosimus aeneus, in which the occurrence of saxitoxin analogues l "-'4) and tetrodotoxin 5 ) has been confirmed. However, the toxic principle(s) in other crabs implicated in poisoning cases· has remained unidentified.…”