Tetrazine Explosives

Chávez, David E.; Hiskey, Michael A.; Naud, Darren L.

doi:10.1002/prep.200400050

Cited by 181 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Hiskey and Chavez further investigated the copper(II) and some nitrogen-rich salts (diammonium, hydrazinium, hydroxylammonium etc.) of OPEN ACCESS 5,5'-bistetrazole as low-smoke pyrotechnics and reported the synthesis of 5,5'-H 2 BT from sodium azide, sodium cyanide and manganese dioxide in water [4,5]. In addition, our research group pointed out the potential use of the barium and strontium salt in coloring pyrotechnical compositions and determined the crystal structures of all alkaline earth metal salts except radium (Be, Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Crystal Structure of Diaqua(μ-5,5'-bistetrazolato-κ4N1,N2,N5,N6)copper(II)

2012

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Crystal Structure of Diaqua(μ-5,5'-bistetrazolato-κ4N1,N2,N5,N6)copper(II)

2012

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“…Although 3,6-diazido-1,2,4,5-tetrazine (DiAT) (13) and 1,3,5-triazido-2,4,6-triazine (TAT) (14) are very powerful primary explosives owing to their high-energy azido groups, they are notorious for their poor thermal stability and extreme sensitivity to accidental initiation by impact, spark, and friction. Besides containing perchlorate, high-nitrogen 3,6-di(guanidinium)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine-1,4-di-N-oxide diperchlorate (DGTOP) does not have outstanding thermal stability and is tedious to prepare (15). Mixtures of aluminum nanoparticles and heavy metal oxides (metastable innerstitial composites) (16)(17)(18) are known to have appropriate sensitivity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Green primaries: Environmentally friendly energetic complexes

Huynh

Hiskey

Meyer

et al. 2006

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

225

162

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Primary explosives are used in small quantities to generate a detonation wave when subjected to a flame, heat, impact, electric spark, or friction. Detonation of the primary explosive initiates the secondary booster or main-charge explosive or propellant. Longterm use of lead azide and lead styphnate as primary explosives has resulted in lead contamination at artillery and firing ranges and become a major health hazard and environmental problem for both military and civilian personnel. Devices using lead primary explosives are manufactured by the tens of millions every year in the United States from primers for bullets to detonators for mining. Although substantial synthetic efforts have long been focused on the search for greener primary explosives, this unresolved problem has become a ''holy grail'' of energetic materials research. Existing candidates suffer from instability or excessive sensitivity, or they possess toxic metals or perchlorate. We report here four previously undescribed green primary explosives based on complex metal dian- ions and environmentally benign cations, (cat) 2[M II (NT)4(H2O)2] (where cat is NH 4؉ or Na ؉ , M is Fe 2؉ or Cu 2؉ , and NT ؊ is 5-nitrotetrazolato-N 2 ). They are safer to prepare, handle, and transport than lead compounds, have comparable initiation efficiencies to lead azide, and offer rapid reliable detonation comparable with lead styphnate. Remarkably, they possess all current requirements for green primary explosives and are suitable to replace lead primary explosives in detonators. More importantly, they can be synthesized more safely, do not pose health risks to personnel, and cause much less pollution to the environment.copper ͉ green ͉ iron ͉ primary explosives ͉ tetrazole

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6] Nitrogen-rich heterocycles are promising compounds that fulfill many requirements in the challenging field of energetic materials research. 5,[7][8][9][10][11] A prominent family of novel high-energy-density materials (HEDMs) are azole-based compounds, since they are generally highly endothermic with high densities and low sensitivities towards outer stimuli.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asymmetrically substituted 5,5′-bistriazoles – nitrogen-rich materials with various energetic functionalities

2013

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In this contribution the synthesis and full structural and spectroscopic characterization of three asymmetrically substituted bis-1,2,4-triazoles, along with different energetic moieties like amino, nitro, nitrimino and azido moieties, is presented. Additionally, selected nitrogen-rich ionic derivatives have been prepared and characterized. This comparative study on the influence of these energetic moieties on structural and energetic properties constitutes a complete characterization including IR, Raman and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. Single crystal X-ray crystallographic measurements were performed and provide insight into structural characteristics as well as inter-and intramolecular interactions. The standard enthalpies of formation were calculated for all compounds at the CBS-4M level of theory, revealing highly positive heats of formation for all compounds. The detonation parameters were calculated using the EXPLO5 program and compared to the common secondary explosive RDX as well as recently published symmetric bistriazoles. As expected, the measured sensitivities to mechanical stimuli and decomposition temperatures strongly depend on the energetic moiety of the triazole ring. All compounds were characterized in terms of sensitivities (impact, friction, electrostatic) and thermal stabilities, the ionic derivatives were found to be thermally stable, insensitive compounds.

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Tetrazine Explosives

Cited by 181 publications

References 8 publications

Preparation and Crystal Structure of Diaqua(μ-5,5'-bistetrazolato-κ4N1,N2,N5,N6)copper(II)

Preparation and Crystal Structure of Diaqua(μ-5,5'-bistetrazolato-κ4N1,N2,N5,N6)copper(II)

Green primaries: Environmentally friendly energetic complexes

Asymmetrically substituted 5,5′-bistriazoles – nitrogen-rich materials with various energetic functionalities

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