Tetramethylpyrazine Attenuates Radiation-Induced Ototoxicity in a Rat Model

Abstract

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) is a chemical compound, which has been shown to possess numerous biological features such as anticoagulation, inhibition of platelet aggregation, anti-inflammation, capillary dilatation, improvement in microcirculation, and protection against reactive oxygen radicals. The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of TMP against radiation-induced ototoxicity. <b><i>Materials and Methods:</i></b> 40 rats were divided into four groups. The first group was irradiated for 5 days. The second group received a single dose of 140 mg/kg/day intraperitoneal TMP given to the rats 30 min before radiotherapy (RT) for 5 days. The third group received a single dose of 140 mg/kg/day i.p. TMP for 5 days, whereas the fourth group was administered saline. All rats underwent distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and auditory brainstem response measurements before and after the application. The temporal bulla of animals was removed for immunohistopathological examination. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Signal-noise ratio values were significantly decreased in the RT group for the frequencies of 2–32 kHz after RT (<i>p</i> < 0.05), whereas the difference was not significant in terms of pre- and posttreatment values for the other groups. Also in the RT group, the ABR thresholds were significantly increased after treatment. In H&E staining, the mean scores for outer hair cells (OHCs), stria vascularis (SV), and spiral ganglion (SG) injuries were significantly higher in RT and RT + TMP groups than in the other groups. The mean OHCs and SV injury scores were also significantly higher in the RT group than in the RT + TMP group (<i>p</i> < 0.05). The number of cochleas that showed cytoplasmic caspase-3 immunoreactivity in the OHC, SV, and SG was significantly higher in RT and RT + TMP groups than in the other groups. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> The findings of the present study suggest that TMP may have a therapeutic potential for preventing sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) related to RT.

Understanding the role of inflammation in sensorineural hearing loss: Current goals and future prospects

“…[53] Studies have shown that NF-κB is activated by cochlear radiation and reaches its maximum activation state after 2-6 h. Tetramethylpyridine has anti-inflammatory and anticoagulant effects that protect against radiation-induced ototoxicity. [54,55] In addition, hereditary hearing loss has recently been associated with inflammation. [56][57][58] While the pathogenesis of SNHL is unclear and incomplete, inflammation is a critical component in the pathogenesis of many SNHLs.…”