Tetradecyl(trihexyl)phosphonium chloride ionic liquid single-drop microextraction for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of lead in water samples

Liquid-phase microextraction combined with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry: A review

“…Nevertheless, the stability of the microdrop at the tip of the syringe needle is less of a problem as compared to DI-SDME, so stronger agitation conditions can be used, thus giving rise to increased extraction efficiencies. Interestingly, a large variety of extractant phases can be used in HS-SDME, including aqueous drops, ILs or organic solvents [3, 44,45]. HS-SDME can be used with complex samples, and it provides high enrichment factors and increased selectivity given that non-volatile compounds remain in the sample during the extraction process.…”

“…Typical strategies for determining metal ions, metalloids and organometallic compounds by LPME-GFAAS involve the formation of hydrophobic metal complexes [10, 45,58,59] or ion pairs [60] in the sample solution. In these cases, a careful control of the sample pH prior to the LPME process is a basic requirement to achieve the highest sensitivity.…”

The use of silica gel modified with allyl 6-methyl-4-phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate for selective separation and preconcentration of lead in environmental samples

“…The World Health Organization recommended a limit of 10 μg L −1 of lead in drinking water (Baird 1999), which requires a very sensitive measurement technique. Currently, the most common analytical methods for the lead trace determination are flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (Dos Santos et al 2004;Silva and Roldan 2009;Soylak et al 2006;Tokalioglu et al 2009;Tuzen et al 2006), electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (Martinis et al 2010;Jiang and Hu 2008;Liang et al 2008;Minami et al 2005), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry , and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (Diedjibegovic et al 2012;Diang and Hu 2012). FAAS is still being used because it combines a fast analysis time, a relative simplicity and a cheaper cost.…”

Ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid-based microextraction combined with least squares support vector machines regression for the simultaneous determination of aluminum, gallium, and indium in water and coal samples

“…Several methods have been reported for the separation and preconcentration of metal ions, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) (Wang et al 2005), coprecipitation (Prasad et al 2006), solid-phase extraction (Karve and Rajgor 2008), and cloud point extraction (Shariati et al 2008), but the disadvantages such as time-consuming, unsatisfactory enrichment factors, large organic solvents, and secondary wastes, limit their applications. The continuous quest for novel sample preparation procedures has led to development of new methods such as solid-phase microextraction (Mester and Sturgeon 2005), homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) (Takahashi et al 1999), single-drop microextraction (SDME) (Martinis et al 2010), hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (Abulhassani et al 2010), and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) (Mohammadi et al 2009). Main advantages of the mentioned techniques are their high speed and negligible volume of solvent used.…”

“…Liu has developed a novel liquid-phase microextraction with ILs (1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [C 8 MIM] [PF 6 ]) for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Liu et al 2003). In recent years, ILs have been used in several LLME techniques as extraction solvent such as SDME (Martinis et al 2010), cold-induced aggregation microextraction (Gharehbaghi et al 2009a), in situ solvent formation microextraction , DLLME (Fan et al 2009;Abdolmohammad-Zadeh and Sadeghi 2009), and temperature-controlled ionic liquid-dispersive liquid-phase microextraction (Zhou et al 2008;Bai et al 2010).…”