Tetracycline (TC) degradation via hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) combined Fenton's reagent: Optimizing geometric and operation parameters

Highly Efficient Tetracycline Degradation under Simultaneous Hydrodynamic Cavitation and Electrical Discharge Plasma in Flow

“…TC degradation under HC alone has previously been reported as being carried out in different HC units and using different oxidation strategies (Table 1). For example, Qin et al, 35 observed a degradation of 20.0% after 15 min of HC treatment when the inlet HC pressure adopted was 3 bar and the starting TC concentration was 5 mg/L (total volume of 5 L). Wang et al, 36 were able to degrade TC by 12.2% after 90 min with an inlet pressure of 2 bar and a starting antibiotic concentration of 30 mg/L (total volume of 2 L).…”

“…In recent years, pharmaceuticals have been defined as “new emerging pollutants” in aqueous environments, with antibiotics being one of the most widespread due to their extensive use in the treatment of human and animal infections. , In particular, antibiotic moieties that are highly water-soluble and poorly biodegradable have been detected in many aquatic systems in recent decades, resulting in serious threat to both public health and the natural environment, not only because of their toxicity but also because bacteria have become resistant to certain antibiotics as a result of their heavy use. , Tetracyclines (TC) are the second most used and produced antibiotics due to their low price and broad spectrum of bactericidal action . Nevertheless, TCs are not completely absorbed in the body and have poor metabolic degradation, meaning that they are discharged into the environment via urine and feces.…”

“…Of these different technologies, venturi and orifice plates are most widely used as cavitating devices in HC reactors thanks to their simplicity, ease of use and low maintenance costs. While there are currently several studies that focus on the reactor types and parameters that can increase degradation efficiency, there are also many studies that have demonstrated the high efficiency and sustainability of hybrid technologies that combine HC and other AOPs. , …”

“…3,4 Tetracyclines (TC) are the second most used and produced antibiotics due to their low price and broad spectrum of bactericidal action. 5 Nevertheless, TCs are not completely absorbed in the body and have poor metabolic degradation, meaning that they are discharged into the environment via urine and feces. Moreover, tetracyclines are chemically stable and not easily degradable, making them difficult to remove from the environment.…”

“…While there are currently several studies that focus on the reactor types and parameters that can increase degradation efficiency, there are also many studies that have demonstrated the high efficiency and sustainability of hybrid technologies that combine HC and other AOPs. 31,32 Nonthermal plasma (NTP) technology is one such emerging advanced oxidation method and has recently been used in combination with HC to treat various pollutants, receiving widespread attention thanks to the advantages that it offers, which include high efficiency, simplicity and an environmentally friendly approach. 18 However, developing more effective and safe nonthermal plasma technologies for use in pollutant-treatment applications is still a challenge, and this is especially true for the development of efficient application-based instruments.…”