Tethys origin and subsequent radiation of the spiny lobsters (Palinuridae)

Abstract

The Palinuridae arose in the Atlantic-European region during early Mesozoic at a period of high sea level in the vast, warm 'Super Tethys' Ocean. During the Tertiary, equator-ward movements of the African, South American, and Australian Plates have subdivided the Tethys, created and expanded the Southern Ocean, and thus produced a multitude of separated environmental habitats in all the major oceans of the world. The family diverged in the Jurassic into the Stridentes group, seven genera of which survive today in the low-latitude equatorial zone, and the Silentes group, three genera of which live today in the mid-latitude temperate zone of the Southern Ocean and one genus in the equatorial zone. The older extant genera in both groups generally live in relict habitats at the greatest depths and the younger genera have radiated into the many new shallow-water habitats. Two major lineages within the Stridentes genus, Panulirus, are recognized, the older lineage living in the clear, cooler, more stable subtropical zone and the younger living in the warmer, turbid, more rapidly evolving tropical zone. Two major lineages are also recognized in the Silentes genus, Jasus, one lineage living on the continental shelves of Africa, Australia, and New Zealand and the other living on the isolated volcanic islands and sea-mounts of the southern subantarctic zone. RÉSUMÉLes Palinuridés sont apparus dans la région Atlantico-Européenne au cours du début du Mésozoïque à une période ou le niveau du vaste et tiède océan "Super Téthys" était élevé. Durant le tertiaire les mouvements des plaques de l'Afrique, de l'Amérique du Sud et de l'Australie vers l'équateur ont subdivisé Téthys, créant et développant l'Océan Méridional et produisant une multitude d'habitats environnementaux séparés dans tous les grands océans de la terre. La famille a divergé au Jurassique entre le groupe des Stridentes dont 7 genres survivent aujourd'hui dans les basses zones équatoriales et le groupe des Silentes dont 3 genres vivent de nos jours dans les latitudes moyennes de la zone tempérée de l'Océan Méridional et 1 genre dans la zone équatoriale. Le genre le plus ancien dans les 2 goupes habite en général dans des habitats reliques dans les plus grandes profondeurs et le genre le plus récent a radié dans les nouveaux habitats de faible profondeur. Deux grandes lignées sont reconnues dans les Stridentes, Panulirus la plus ancestrale vivant dans les zones 1 )

Molecular phylogeny of commercially important lobster species from Indian coast inferred from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences

“…The second major lineage included P. polyphagus of group III and P. homarus, P. versicolor, and P. ornatus of group IV. Puerulus and Linuparus of Palinuridae are two deep-sea genera (George, 2006;George & Main, 1967). All selected species of Palinuridae in the present study belong to the Stridentes (George & Main, 1967;Parker, 1884).…”

A molecular phylogeny of the spiny lobster Panulirus homarus highlights a separately evolving lineage from the Southwest Indian Ocean

“…Estimates in this study using fossil calibrated nodes and four loci demonstrate that Panulirus homarus rubellus might have arisen between 10–16 MYA. George (2006) suggests that the fragmentation of the Tethys Sea is responsible for the radiation of Panulirus . Studies have shown that the final closure of the Tethys seaway, 14 MYA, during the Middle Miocene, had a significant impact on global ocean circulation (Hamon et al, 2013).…”

“…The Achelata infraorder diverged into the spiny (Palinuridae) and slipper lobster (Scyllaridae) families around 250 MYA (Bracken-Grissom et al, 2014; George, 2006; Tsang et al, 2009). These authors propose that, approximately 230 MYA, the Palinuridae diverged into stridulating (sound-producing) Stridentes ( Linuparus , Justitia , Nupalirus , Palinustus , Puerulus , Palibythus, Palinurus and Panulirus ) and non-stridulating Silentes groups ( Projasus , Jasus , Sagmariasus and Palinurellus ).…”

“…These authors propose that, approximately 230 MYA, the Palinuridae diverged into stridulating (sound-producing) Stridentes ( Linuparus , Justitia , Nupalirus , Palinustus , Puerulus , Palibythus, Palinurus and Panulirus ) and non-stridulating Silentes groups ( Projasus , Jasus , Sagmariasus and Palinurellus ). Within the Stridentes, the shallow warm water Panulirus genus is probably the most recently evolved (George & Main, 1967; George, 2006, 1997; Pollock, 1992). This is supported by a molecular phylogenetic study on the genus (Ptacek et al, 2001) and another study using fossil calibrated data in conjunction with molecular DNA markers, which showed that Panulirus emerged around 160 MYA (Bracken-Grissom et al, 2014).…”

Diversification of cephalic shield shape and antenna in phyllosoma I of slipper and spiny lobsters (Decapoda: Achelata)

“…The crown divergence of Achelata's families occurred in the Early Cretaceous and the Late Triassic, respectively (Wolfe et al, 2019). Fossil records and geographic distribution of species suggest that speciation of palinurid lobsters follows an allopatric mode (George, 2006), while this mode of speciation is not completely supported in scyllarid lobsters. This group has ecologically diversified to exploit different environments with some genera presenting scarce geographic overlap (Webber and Booth, 2007) as signal of competitive exclusion (Gittenberger, 1991;Rundell and Price, 2009), and others with parapatric distribution but subtle morphological differences that suggest low character displacement, a response for interspecific competition reflected in accentuated phenotypic differences (Brown and Wilson, 1956).…”