Tethering zwitterionic polymer coatings to mediated glucose biosensor enzyme electrodes can decrease sensor foreign body response yet retain sensor sensitivity to glucose

Jayakumar, Kavita; Lielpētere, Anna; Domingo‐Lopez, Daniel A.; Levey, Ruth E.; Duffy, Garry P.; Schuhmann, Wolfgang; Leech, Dónal

doi:10.1016/j.bios.2022.114815

Cited by 16 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Upon application of a protective polymer coating, the current density usually decreases due to the formation of a diffusional barrier, as reported previously. , This is observed (Table S1) when Nafion (Case III) is used as a coating. The MPC coating (Case II) results, however, in an increase in current density relative to the response of the uncoated control Case I sensor (Figure B) and a decrease in K m app (Table S1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…This is due to inter-layer mixing between the MPC and the sensing layer, driven by epoxy crosslinking. 14 However, zwitterionic polymers may not hinder the diffusion of AA and UA as the swellability and high ionic conductivity of zwitterionic hydrogels enable rapid diffusion. 40 Protection against negatively charged UA and AA interferences can be realized by electrostatic repulsion provided by a negatively charged polymer layer (Case III and Case IV).…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While polymer coatings of negatively charged polymers such as Nafion and P(VI 1 -SSNa 1 ) can protect against interference from negatively charged substances such as AA and UA, they do not protect against protein adsorption or cell adhesion. 14 Coating with polymers such as Nafion has also been shown to limit glucose diffusion. 14,[20][21][22][23]44 An enzymatic scavenging approach based on AsOx and uricase (UOx) (Case V) cross-linked in the MPC layer was also tested to protect from AA and UA interference by converting AA to 2-dehydroascorbate (by AsOx) and UA to 5hydroxyisourate (by UOx) which further decomposes into allantoin.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…13 We recently reported that a 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholinebased zwitterionic polymer (MPC) coating containing crosslinkable epoxy functional groups decreases fibrinogen adsorption and fibroblast adhesion in in vitro tests, while improving the performance and operational stability of glucose biosensors when used as a protective coating. 14 Endogenous and exogenous small-molecule interferences can also affect the sensor signal. 6,15 Low-molecular-weight species like ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) can be directly oxidized at the electrode and/or inhibit the glucoseoxidizing enzyme, affecting its bioelectrocatalytic activity.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…26 The synthesis of the zwitterionic 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-based co-polymer containing cross-link- able epoxy functional groups in the co-polymer was as described previously. 14 Poly(1-vinylimidazole-co-4-styrene sulfonic acid sodium salt hydrate) P(VI 12 -SSNa 1 ). The synthesis procedure has been published previously.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-Linkable Polymer-Based Multi-layers for Protecting Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors against Uric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, and Biofouling Interferences

et al. 2023

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The lifetime of implantable electrochemical glucose monitoring devices is limited due to the foreign body response and detrimental effects from ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) interferents that are components of physiological media. Polymer coatings can be used to shield biosensors from these interferences and prolong their functional lifetime. This work explored several approaches to protect redox polymer-based glucose biosensors against such interferences by designing six targeted multi-layer sensor architectures. Biological interferents, like cells and proteins, and UA and AA interferents were found to have individual effects on the current density and operational stability of glucose biosensors, requiring individual protection and treatment. Protection against biofouling can be achieved using a poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (MPC) zwitterionic polymer coating. An enzyme-scavenging approach was compared to electrostatic repulsion by negatively charged polymers for protection against AA and UA interferences. A multi-layer novel polymer design (PD) system consisting of a crosslinkable negatively charged polyvinylimidazole-polysulfostyrene co-polymer inner layer and a cross-linkable MPC zwitterionic polymer outer layer showed the best protection against AA, UA, and biological interferences. The sensor protected using the novel PD shield displayed the lowest mean absolute relative difference between the glucose reading without the interferent and the reading value with the interferent present and also displayed the lowest variability in sensor readings in complex media. For sensor measurements in artificial plasma, the novel PD extends the linear range (R 2 = 0.99) of the sensor from 0−10 mM for the control to 0−20 mM, shows a smaller decrease in sensitivity, and retains high current densities. The application of PD multi-target coating improves sensor performance in complex media and shows promise for use in sensors operating in real conditions.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cross-Linkable Polymer-Based Multi-layers for Protecting Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors against Uric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, and Biofouling Interferences

et al. 2023

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Pencil‐Lead‐Based Quasi‐Equilibrium Glucose Biosensors

Shachneva,

Lielpetere,

Schuhmann

2024

Advanced Sensor Research

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Foreign body response is the main reason for the limited lifetime of implantable glucose biosensors. A new measurement strategy exerting minimal disturbance from the equilibrium glucose concentration in the sensor compartment has been proposed to mitigate its adverse effects on the sensor signal. Here, a new measurement strategy using automatically fabricated and robust pencil‐lead‐based glucose biosensors is implemented. The sensor response depends on critical parameters such as redox‐polymer film thickness, film uniformity, rigidity, polymer composition, and the ratio between the enzyme and the polymer. These parameters are controlled by introducing a short‐chain redox polymer, a low crosslinker amount, a short‐chain electrografting agent and linker, pulse electrografting, and an automated fabrication procedure.

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Effects of Sterilization on Cellobiose Dehydrogenase and Glucose Oxidase Based Glucose Biosensors

Bennett,

Rathore,

Gounel

et al. 2024

Advanced Sensor Research

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Research on implantable glucose biosensors is driven by the need for innovative medical devices for continuous glucose monitoring in patients with diabetes mellitus. However, biosensor sterilization is a step that is widely omitted during the process of innovation. To compare the effects of gamma irradiation and chemical treatment with ethylene oxide (carbon microarray electrodes are fabricated, functionalized with glucose oxidizing enzymes (cellobiose dehydrogenase CDH or glucose oxidase GOx), and coated with a specifically designed zwitterionic polymer prior to the sterilization step. Cyclic voltammetry in the presence of 100 mm glucose of the biosensors before and after sterilization shows that gamma irradiation with a low radiation rate (25 kGy, 260 Gy h−1) does not induce a sensor performance loss, unlike the EtO treatment. In addition, no cytotoxic by‐products are released after gamma sterilization. Based on these results obtained with both glucose oxidizing enzymes (CDH and GOx), gamma irradiation of the glucose biosensors with a low dose rate is preferable to exposure to EtO for biosensor terminal sterilization.

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Tethering zwitterionic polymer coatings to mediated glucose biosensor enzyme electrodes can decrease sensor foreign body response yet retain sensor sensitivity to glucose

Cited by 16 publications

References 55 publications

Cross-Linkable Polymer-Based Multi-layers for Protecting Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors against Uric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, and Biofouling Interferences

Cross-Linkable Polymer-Based Multi-layers for Protecting Electrochemical Glucose Biosensors against Uric Acid, Ascorbic Acid, and Biofouling Interferences

Pencil‐Lead‐Based Quasi‐Equilibrium Glucose Biosensors

Effects of Sterilization on Cellobiose Dehydrogenase and Glucose Oxidase Based Glucose Biosensors

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