Tetanus

Orenstein, Walter A.; Wassilak, Steven G. F.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-1211-7_34

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 124 publications

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“…It is known that housewives and farmers are the groups in which the disease occurs most frequently, and the groups which must be protected by providing higher levels of antibodies [4,21]. Although the difference is not statistically significant, the rate of protective levels of antitoxin was lower in housewives than in the other occupational groups in our study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…In spite of this, particularly in developed countries, the elderly are at greater risk of tetanus than are other groups. For instance, in the USA tetanus in those over 60 years of age occurs at a six‐fold higher rate than in other age groups (0.13 versus 0.02 in 100 000) [4]. Furthermore, in a study conducted in Italy, the annual incidence among subjects over 65 years of age was found to be approximately ten times greater than that among younger individuals [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tetanus antitoxin levels among adults over 40 years of age in Central Anatolia, Turkey

Öztürk

Göahmetoğlu

Erdem

et al. 2003

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tetanus antitoxin levels among adults over 40 years of age in Central Anatolia, Turkey

Öztürk

Göahmetoğlu

Erdem

et al. 2003

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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Serum antibodies to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine components in Argentine children

et al. 1997

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The Argentine vaccination schedule against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (DTP) recommends three doses of DTP vaccine at 2, 4 and 6 months of age, two boosters at 18 months and 6 years, a booster dose of tetanus vaccine every 10 years and two doses during pregnancy. To evaluate the effect of this schedule, antibodies against pertussis toxin (PT) and filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and against tetanus and diphtheria toxoids were determined by ELISA in serum samples from children (1 month to 6 years) who received different doses of DPT vaccine: 0 dose (n = 50), 1 dose (n = 25), 2 doses (n = 25), 3 doses (n = 55), first and second booster (n = 25); 25 pregnant women and their offspring, and 45 adults. High antibody levels against PT (> 140 EU/ml) and FHA (> 80 EU/ml) were recorded in mothers and in the newborn. Antibody titers against PT increased with the number of doses given and decreased with time. Full protection against tetanus (titers > 0.1 IU/ml) was observed in the group of adults (0.37 IU/ml), in mothers (4.4 IU/ml) and their newborn offspring (5.5 IU/ml), and in children after receiving the second dose of DTP vaccine (1.86 IU/ml). The immune status for diphtheria was far lower, as most of the groups lacked adequate protection. After the third dose of DTP vaccine, only 78% of the children had antibody titers above the protective level (0.1 IU/ml). Since antibody levels considered to provide full protection were only achieved after the first booster dose of DTP vaccine, the primary three-dose schedule seems to be insufficient to confer adequate immunity in all vaccinees. Because of the high proportion of non-protected adults, a booster dose of Td vaccine should be considered for this group.

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Effect of malnutrition in Ecuadorian children on titers of serum antibodies to various microbial antigens

Brüssow

Sidoti

Dirren

et al. 1995

Clin Diagn Lab Immunol

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The titers of serum antibodies to natural infection with enteric and respiratory pathogens, to a food antigen and to tetanus and diphtheria toxoid were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 1,554 Ecuadorian children younger than 5 years of age. The nutritional status of the children was assessed by anthropometry and measurement of biochemical status indicators. The children were enrolled in a representative national nutrition and health survey. Antibody titers were analyzed as a function of the nutritional status of the children. For 12 of 14 antibody concentrations tested, underweight children showed lower antibody titers than did control children. The difference was statistically significant for antibody to both T-cell-dependent antigens (tetanus toxoid, rotavirus, respiratory syncytial virus) and T-cell-independent antigens (lipopolysaccharide, polyribosyl-ribitol phosphate, capsular polysaccharide). When children with a recent episode of diarrhea were excluded, many of the differences remained significant. When these children were further classified by age, only difference in titers of antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus and tetanus toxoid remained significant. No statistically significant difference was detected between underweight and control children with respect to protective antibody levels to four bacterial antigens. Anemic children showed significantly lower antibody levels to both T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent antigens than did control children, and a higher proportion of anemic children had diphtheria antitoxin below a conservatively defined protective antibody level. No major differences in antibody titers were seen between children with different retinol and zinc concentrations in serum.

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Tetanus

Cited by 4 publications

References 124 publications

Tetanus antitoxin levels among adults over 40 years of age in Central Anatolia, Turkey

Tetanus antitoxin levels among adults over 40 years of age in Central Anatolia, Turkey

Serum antibodies to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine components in Argentine children

Effect of malnutrition in Ecuadorian children on titers of serum antibodies to various microbial antigens

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