Tetanus and diphtheria antibodies and response to a booster dose in Brazilian HIV-1-infected women

Bonetti, T.C.; Succi, Regina C.M.; Weckx, Lily Yin; Tavares-Lopes, L; Moraes-Pinto, Maria Isabel de

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.023

Cited by 40 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…We found that HIV-infected women had lower tetanus antibody levels, reduced transplacental transfer of tetanus antibody, and ∼50% lower antibody levels in cord serum after adjustment for maternal vaccination and other factors. The decrease in maternal tetanus antibody levels is consistent with data from Senegal [17] and Brazil [27] showing reduced responses to TT booster vaccinations in HIV-infected women. A reduction among HIV-infected women in CMR and neonatal tetanus antibody levels has also been reported in Brazil [28].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Maternal HIV Infection and Placental Malaria Reduce Transplacental Antibody Transfer and Tetanus Antibody Levels in Newborns in Kenya

et al. 2007

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Background. In clinical trials, maternal tetanus toxoid (TT) vaccination is effective in protecting newborns against tetanus infection, but inadequate placental transfer of tetanus antibodies may contribute to lower-thanexpected rates of protection in routine practice. We studied the effect of placental malaria and maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on placental transfer of antibodies to tetanus.Methods. A total of 704 maternal-cord paired serum samples were tested by ELISA for antibodies to tetanus. The HIV status of all women was determined by an immunoglobulin G antibody-capture particle-adherence test, and placental malaria was determined by placental biopsy. Maternal history of TT vaccination was recorded.Results. Tetanus antibody levels were reduced by 52% (95% confidence interval [CI], 30%-67%) in newborns of HIV-infected women and by 48% (95% CI, 26%-62%) in newborns whose mothers had active-chronic or past placental malaria. Thirty-seven mothers (5.3%) and 55 newborns (7.8%) had tetanus antibody levels !0.1 IU/mL (i.e., were seronegative). Mothers' self-reported history of lack of tetanus immunization was the strongest predictor of seronegativity and of tetanus antibody levels in maternal and cord serum.Conclusion. Malarial and HIV infections may hinder efforts to eliminate maternal and neonatal tetanus, making implementation of the current policy for mass vaccination of women of childbearing age an urgent priority.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Maternal HIV Infection and Placental Malaria Reduce Transplacental Antibody Transfer and Tetanus Antibody Levels in Newborns in Kenya

et al. 2007

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“…As previously reported by our group (8,14) and by others (12), tetanus antibodies elicited by vaccination are usually present in higher concentration than diphtheria antibodies. In the present study, tetanus antibody levels were higher than diphtheria antibodies in all age groups, the only exception being individuals over 60 years of age, who showed geometric mean antibody concentrations against diphtheria well above those for tetanus.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 77%

Prevalence of diphtheria and tetanus antibodies and circulation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in São Paulo, Brazil

Divino-Goes

Moraes-Pinto

Dinelli

et al. 2007

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The introduction of routine vaccination against tetanus and diphtheria in Brazil has decreased the incidence and changed the epidemiology of both diseases. We then investigated the prevalence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae carrier status and diphtheria and tetanus immunity in São Paulo, Brazil. From November 2001 to March 2003, 374 individuals were tested for the presence of C. diphtheriae in the nasooropharynx and of serum diphtheria and tetanus antibodies. Participants were all healthy individuals without acute or chronic pathologies and they were stratified by age as follows: 0-12 months and 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-24, 25-39, 40-59, and ≥60 years. Antibodies were assessed using a double-antigen ELISA. C. diphtheriae species were identified by biochemical analysis and toxigenicity was assessed by the Elek test. For diphtheria, full protection (antibodies ≥0.1 IU/mL) was present in 84% of the individuals, 15% had basic protection (antibodies ≥0.01 and <0.1 IU/mL) and 1% were susceptible (antibodies <0.01 IU/mL). Full tetanus protection (antibodies ≥0.1 IU/mL) was present in 79% of the participants, 18% had basic protection (antibodies ≥0.01 and <0.1 IU/mL) and 3% were susceptible (antibodies <0.01 IU/mL). The geometric mean of diphtheria and tetanus antibodies reached the highest values at 5-9 years and decreased until the 40-59-year age range, increasing again in individuals over 60 years. Three participants (0.8%) were carriers of C. diphtheriae, all non-toxigenic strains. The present results demonstrate the clear need of periodic booster for tetanus and diphtheria vaccine in adolescents and adults after primary immunization in childhood.

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“…The WHO has suggested that the level of anti-diphtheria toxoid IgG antibodies required for optimal protection from diphtheria infection is Ͼ0.1 IU/ml. However, the levels of circulating anti-diphtheria IgG antibodies required for basic immunity in humans has been estimated to be 0.01 IU/ml by the Schick skin test (12,24,25), and many studies have reported that levels in the general population are Ͻ0.1 IU/ml and in some cases Ͻ0.01 IU/ml (1,3,11,19,20,21,26,28,32). Maple and colleagues showed that from the age of 14 years up to 54 years of age, the percentage of the population (n ϭ 3,088) with anti-diphtheria toxoid IgG levels Ͼ0.1 IU/ml decreased from ϳ40% to ϳ5%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technical and Diagnostic Performance of Five Commercial Anti-Diphtheria Toxoid IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits

Faruq

Dadson

Cox

et al. 2010

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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The technical and diagnostic performances of five commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the measurement of anti-diphtheria toxoid IgG antibodies were evaluated. There was good agreement between the relative sensitivities of the five assays, but the relative specificity of one of the assays differed from that of the other four assays. Three of the five assays possessed recoveries of the international reference material NIBSC 00/496 within the range of 90% to 110% at antibody levels >0.1 IU/ml. The data suggest that there are manufacture-dependent differences in relative sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for the determination of anti-diphtheria toxoid IgG antibodies that could result in different diagnostic interpretations.

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Tetanus and diphtheria antibodies and response to a booster dose in Brazilian HIV-1-infected women

Cited by 40 publications

References 16 publications

Maternal HIV Infection and Placental Malaria Reduce Transplacental Antibody Transfer and Tetanus Antibody Levels in Newborns in Kenya

Maternal HIV Infection and Placental Malaria Reduce Transplacental Antibody Transfer and Tetanus Antibody Levels in Newborns in Kenya

Prevalence of diphtheria and tetanus antibodies and circulation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in São Paulo, Brazil

Technical and Diagnostic Performance of Five Commercial Anti-Diphtheria Toxoid IgG Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits

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