Tetanus After Trivial Trauma: A Case Series and Review of Pharamocotherapeutic Management

Gupta, Nitin; Chaudhuri, Souvik; Varma, Muralidhar; Saravu, Kavitha

doi:10.7759/cureus.11089

Cited by 1 publication

(1 citation statement)

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“…As the spasms are provoked even by minor stimuli, the patient needs a quiet and darkened room. To control muscle spasms, GABA receptor agonists, diazepam, midazolam, propofol or dexmedetomidine are administered, depending on availability and severity of the disease [41 ▪▪ ]. Magnesium-sulfate controls muscle spasm and reduces cardiac instability [42].…”

Section: The Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxin-associated infectious diseases: tetanus, botulism and diphtheria

Pfausler

Rass²,

Helbok³

et al. 2021

Current Opinion in Neurology

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Purpose of review The incidence rates of the toxin-related infectious diseases, tetanus, diphtheria and botulism declined dramatically over the past decades mainly because of the implementation of immunization programs also in low-and-middle-income countries (LAMICs) and by improving hygiene conditions. But still, single cases occur, and they need fastest possible recognition and management. Recent findings Over the past 20 years, the incidence of neonatal tetanus has declined by more than 90%. This success was achieved by immunizing women in reproductive age in areas of high risk as sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Asia. Larger regional outbreaks of diphtheria have been reported from the former Soviet Union in the 1990s and from India in 2017. Botulism is still rare, mainly seen in infants and, in recent years, in intravenous drug abusers. Summary Tetanus, diphtheria and botulism are rarities in high-income countries (HICs) with unlimited access to immunization programs and standard hygiene procedures. The diagnosis of all three diseases is still, even in the 21st century, based upon patient‘s history and clinical signs and symptoms. Neither biochemical bedside tests nor neuroradiological investigations help to confirm the diagnosis in an emergency situation.

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Section: The Diseasesmentioning

confidence: 99%