Tests of the aversive summation hypothesis in rats: Effects of restraint stress on consummatory successive negative contrast and extinction in the Barnes maze

Behavioral neuroscience of psychological pain

“…Thus, as Gray (1987, p. 174) put it, once an aversive emotional state is detected, labeling it as fear or frustration requires knowledge of "whether this turmoil was evoked by the sight of a snake or by a broken date." The notion that emotional states of equivalent hedonic value are difficult to differentiate is consistent with the aversive summation hypothesis described above in relation to experiments demonstrating the joined influence on behavior of separate sources of pain (e.g., Ortega et al, 2013). Similarly, the specificity of some treatments, including posttraining corticosterone administration (Bentosela et al, 2006), to the reward loss condition (i.e., effects after 32-to-4% sucrose downshift, but not in the 4% sucrose unshifted control), is also consistent with the notion that exogenous activation works best in coincidence with an emotionally arousing experience (see Singer, 1963).…”

“…The strength of the resulting emotional state could have effects that neither of the individual states would produce, facilitating the retrieval of aversive memories and influencing aversively motivated behavior (Ortega et al, 2013). To test this aversive summation hypothesis using only sources of psychological pain, animals were exposed to restraint stress for 1 h before either the first or the second reward devaluation session (Ortega et al, 2013). In both cases, restraint stress selectively enhanced consummatory suppression in 32-to-4% sucrose animals, without affecting the behavior of 4% sucrose controls.…”

Identifying profiles of recovery from reward devaluation in rats

“…Even under objectively similar conditions, the cSNC effect exhibits variation from one experiment to another. It is a very reliable effect, but in some experiments contrast is completely eliminated after a single devaluation trial (e.g., Experiment 2 in [41]), whereas in others it lasts 3-5 trials (e.g., Experiment 3 in [41]). it seems possible that these variations may result from the random assignment of different proportion of animals in the No Recovery subpopulation.…”

“…Reward devaluation has also been shown to affect sexual behavior [13], aggressive behavior [33], and to induce hypoalgesia [34]. In turn, peripheral pain [38] and restraint stress [41] were shown to enhance the effects of reward devaluation on behavior. Taken together, these results are consistent with an emotional interpretation of the cSNC effect that posits a significant weight on the role of brain circuits relevant to anxiety, depression, and stress responses [22,51].…”

La escucha de música antes del TSST regula los niveles de cortisol en saliva independiente de la preferencia musical

“…Diversos estudios en animales y humanos describen que estos procesos se relacionan con el funcionamiento del sistema neuroendocrino, en particular el efecto que ejerce el eje hipotálamo-pituitariosuprarrenal (HPA) y su principal producto, los glucocorticoides (GC), sobre la conducta (Lupien, Maheu, Tu, Fiocco, & Schramek, 2007), sobre otros sistemas (i.e. cardiovascular, inmunitario), y sobre la capacidad de aprendizaje y memoria que se pueden ver comprometidas (Ortega, et al, 2013). Algunos estudios experimentales de los efectos de los GC sobre la corteza prefrontal o temporal en los que se altera la memoria de trabajo (Johnson, 2015;Lataster et al, 2011;Mizoguchi et al, 2000;Porcelli et al, 2008;Schoofs, Pabst, Brand, & Wolf, 2013), o semántica (de Quervain et al, 2003), permiten suponer que la liberación de GC también puede afectar tareas fuera del laboratorio y que requieran procesos de atención, aprendizaje, o recobro de información, tales como algunas exigidas en contextos laborales o académicos.…”