Tests of hail simulation and research of the resulting impact on the structural reliability of solar cells

Abstract

TesTs of hail simulaTion and research of The resulTing impacT on The sTrucTural reliabiliTy of solar cells badania symulacyjne wpływu opadów gradu na niezawodność konsTrukcji ogniw słonecznychThe mandatory tests of resistance to hail is carried out in order to qualify solar cell modules according to standards (IEC 61215 and IEC 61646). The efficiency of modern photovoltaic systems decreases significantly, when the crystalline structure of solar cells is damaged as a result of climatic factors, such as wind, hail, etc., which are similar to mechanical-dynamic effects. This work presents a conducted research of efficiency and reliability of solar cells, simulating hail effects. A testbed was created specifically for carrying out experimental research. During the research, solar elements were exposed to impact, cyclic dynamic loads, with the frequency of revolutions of the balls simulating hail ranging from 5 to 20 Hz, the amplitude of the impact excitation acceleration of the solar cell -up to 986 m / s2 and the force amplitude -up to 1129 N. Experimental research results revealed the reliability of photovoltaic modules of different sizes during the simulation of hail. The proposed assessment methodology of hail effects can be successfully applied in studies of the influence of mechanical-dynamic effects of solar cells of different structures.

The Impact of Power Source Performance Decrease in a PV/WT/FC Hybrid Power Generation System on the Result of a Multi-Criteria Analysis of Load Distribution

“…Research on the degradation and decrease of PV panel performance due to particular working conditions was presented in [22,23]. Random failures also affect the power availability of PV panels [24,25], but the authors did not consider this in this article. The phenomenon of a fuel cell efficiency decline was described in [26].…”

Research of the Energy Losses of Photovoltaic (PV) Modules after Hail Simulation Using a Newly-Created Testbed

“…Mechanical impacts are among the factors most affecting the reliability and rigidity of PV modules [8][9][10]. Their impact on durability and electrical operation of PV modules were reviewed [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. When it comes to mechanical impacts, the impact of hail on PV modules is significant, as it may result in the breakdown of silicon, which in turn may lead to significant electricity loss.…”

“…This article analyzes the possibilities and challenges of the newly-created testbed for hail simulation, for which the market demand is very high-especially in small and medium-sized enterprises-and which in turn determines the cost of new technologies [30,31]. The newly-developed testbed allows achieving the parameters used in similar research (ball speed and the impact force) [11]. Most studies simulate the effects of hail using pneumatic equipment that provides the energy needed to move a piece of ice [2,4,[32][33][34][35][36].…”

Force and Sound Pressure Sensors Used for Modeling the Impact of the Firearm with a Suppressor

“…The apparatus for measuring the sound pressure is shown in Figure 4d. This part depicts an audio analyzer with a microphone 2250 and a hydrophone 8103 [90,91]. During the research, the dynamic effects of a bullet caused by a silencer are examined.…”

“…The apparatus for measuring the sound pressure is shown in Figure 4d. This part depicts an audio analyzer with a microphone 2250 and a hydrophone 8103 [90][91][92]. The received measurement signals from the computer were processed using static data processing package Origin 6 and Pulse software packages.…”