“…The mechanisms of the hypertensive effect of CSA include sympathoexcitation (Zhang and Victor, 2000), enhanced reninangiotensin activity (Nishiyama et al, 2003), arterial baroreflex impairment (El-Mas et al, 2002, 2012b, oxidative stress (El-Mas et al, 2012b), vascular endothelium dysfunction (El-Mas et al, 2003, and interruption of brainstem nitric oxide synthase/heme oxygenase pathway and downstream guanylate cyclase activity (El-Mas et al, 2012c). Moreover, experimental (Nasser et al, 2014) and clinical (Cauduro et al, 2005) studies suggest the involvement of endothelin (ET) in the pathogenesis of CSA hypertension.…”