Testosterone Concentrations and Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Men with Type 1 Diabetes in the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study (EDIC)

Abstract

Introduction Previous studies have reported that lower testosterone concentrations are associated with cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), a risk factor for cardiovascular events. However, no studies have examined this relationship in men with type 1 diabetes, who are at high risk for CAN. Aim To examine the associations between testosterone concentrations and measures of CAN in a large, well-characterized cohort of men with type 1 diabetes. Methods We conducted an analysis of men in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), a randomized trial of intensive glucose control, and its observational follow-up the Epidemiology of Diabetes Intervention and Complications (EDIC) Study. Testosterone was measured by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry in stored samples from EDIC follow-up years 10 and 17. Regression models were used to assess the cross-sectional relationships between testosterone and CAN measures. Main Outcome Measures The main CAN measure from EDIC follow-up year 17 was a standardized composite of R-R variation with paced breathing < 15, or R-R variation 15-20 combined with either a Valsalva ratio ≤ 1.5 or a decrease in diastolic blood pressure > 10 mm Hg upon standing. Continuous R-R variation and Valsalva ratio were secondary outcome measures. Results Lower total and bioavailable testosterone concentrations at follow-up years 10 and 17 were not associated with the presence of CAN at year 17. In analyses using Valsalva ratio as a continuous measure, higher total (p=0.01) and bioavailable testosterone concentrations (p=0.005) were associated with a higher (more favorable) Valsalva ratio after adjustment for covariates including age, body mass index, smoking status, hypertension, and glycemic control. Conclusions Testosterone levels are not associated with CAN among men with type 1 diabetes. Although testosterone is associated with a higher Valsalva ratio, a more favorable indicator, the clinical significance of this association is not known.

Early changes in cardiovascular structure and function in adolescents with type 1 diabetes

“…In previous work, we and others have reported that adult women with T1D have higher arterial stiffness compared to men [ 49 ]. While sex hormone influences on autonomic function [ 50 ] and microvascular complications [ 51 ] have been reported elsewhere, this is to our knowledge, the first report documenting a potential role for gender as a modifier of arterial stiffness in adolescents with T1D. In the current analysis, although positive associations between PWV and BMI and PWV and blood pressure were perhaps expected [ 2 ], the association between male gender and higher PWV was surprising, and suggests that relationship gender and arterial stiffness changes in relation to pubertal status, a possibility that has been reported elsewhere and that requires further study [ 52 ].…”