“…We also use several control variables which are widely employed in the empirical literature on the informal economy. Thus, we use socioeconomic variables mentioned in the literature such as GDP per cápita (Autio and Fu, 2015; Estrin et al ., 2013; Dau and Cuervo-Cazurra, 2014; Salinas et al ., 2023), human capital (Tornarolli et al ., 2014; Salinas et al ., 2020) and unemployment (Thai and Turkina, 2014; Salinas et al ., 2019). We obtain these data from the World Bank’s WDI and Penn World Tables.…”