Testing the unique amplification event and the worldwide migration hypothesis of insecticide resistance genes with sequence data

Guillemaud, Thomas; Rooker, Serena; Pasteur, Nicole; Raymond, M.

doi:10.1038/hdy.1996.181

Cited by 66 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Alleles conferring pesticide resistance may be part of the existing genetic variation prior to pesticide treatment, and may be generated by means of recurrent mutations (ffrench-Constant 1994; Andreev et al 1999) and/or migration events (Raymond et al 1991;Guillemaud et al 1996). As individuals carrying these alleles often pay a fitness cost in the absence of pesticide (Roush & McKenzie 1987;Coustau et al 2000), the alleles are expected to segregate at a mutation-selection balance prior to selection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial frequency of alleles conferring resistance toBacillus thuringiensispoplar in a field population ofChrysomela tremulae

Génissel

Augustin²,

Courtin³

et al. 2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Globally, the estimated total area planted with transgenic plants producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins was 12 million hectares in 2001. The risk of target pests becoming resistant to these toxins has led to the implementation of resistance-management strategies. The efficiency and sustainability of these strategies, including the high-dose plus refuge strategy currently recommended for North American maize, depend on the initial frequency of resistance alleles. In this study, we estimated the initial frequencies of alleles conferring resistance to transgenic Bt poplars producing Cry3A in a natural population of the poplar pest Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). We used the F 2 screen method developed for detecting resistance alleles in natural pest populations. At least three parents of the 270 lines tested were heterozygous for a major Bt resistance allele. We estimated mean resistance-allele frequency for the period 1999-2001 at 0.0037 (95% confidence interval = 0.000 45-0.0080) with a detection probability of 90%. These results demonstrate that (i) the F 2 screen method can be used to detect major alleles conferring resistance to Bt-producing plants in insects and (ii) the initial frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt toxin can be close to the highest theoretical values that are expected prior to the use of Bt plants if considering fitness costs and typical mutation rates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial frequency of alleles conferring resistance toBacillus thuringiensispoplar in a field population ofChrysomela tremulae

Génissel

Augustin²,

Courtin³

et al. 2003

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

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“…Countries from which resistance genes have disappeared are in parentheses. Spread of resistance genes (rather than independent mutations) is documented by molecular studies (see e.g., Raymond et al, 1991;Qiao & Raymond, 1995;Guillemaud et al, 1996;Severini et al, 1997).…”

Section: Interaction Between Migration and Mutationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens: What have we learned about adaptation?

Raymond

Berticat

Weill

et al. 2001

Microevolution Rate, Pattern, Process

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151

157

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Resistance to organophosphate (OP) insecticide in the mosquito Culex pipiens has been studied for ca. 30 years. This example of micro-evolution has been thoroughly investigated as an opportunity to assess precisely both the new adapted phenotypes and the associated genetic changes. A notable feature is that OP resistance is achieved with few genes, and these genes have generally large effects. The molecular events generating such resistance genes are complex (e.g., gene amplification, gene regulation) potentially explaining their low frequency of de novo occurrence. In contrast, migration is a frequent event, including passive transportation between distant populations. This generates a complex interaction between mutations and migration, and promotes competition among resistance alleles. When the precise physiological action of each gene product is rather well known, it is possible to understand the dominance level or the type of epistasis observed. It is however difficult to predict a priori how resistance genes will interact, and it is too early to state whether or not this will be ever possible. These resistance genes are costly, and the cost is variable among them. It is usually believed that the initial fitness cost would gradually decrease due to subsequent mutations with a modifier effect. In the present example, a particular modifier occurred (a gene duplication) at one resistance locus, whereas at the other one reduction of cost is driven by allele replacement and apparently not by selection of modifiers.

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“…Nonidentified constraints also exist for other mutations generating resistance. Esterase gene amplifications, conferring insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens, have occurred a very limited number of times worldwide (Raymond et al 1991;Guillemaud et al 1996;Raymond et al 1996). Another aspect is the pleiotropy effect of resistance genes, which is expressed sometimes in only some life history traits, and is still not well understood at the molecular level (Crow 1957).…”

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confidence: 99%

EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE INCULEX PIPIENS: ALLELE REPLACEMENT AND CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

et al. 1998

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Abstract.-Fixation of adaptive mutations in populations is often constrained by pleiotropic fitness costs. The evolutionary pathways that compensate such fitness disadvantages are either the occurrence of modifier genes or replacement of the adaptive allele by less costly ones. In this context, 23 years of evolution of insecticide resistance genes in the mosquito Culex pipiens from southern France are analyzed. The aim of this study is to answer the following points. Is there a fitness cost associated with these resistance genes in natural populations? Does evolution proceed through allele replacement or through selection of modifiers? And finally, how do environmental changes affect the evolution of resistance genes? Samples from the same transect, crossing the boundary between an insecticide-treated and a nontreated area, are analyzed. Clinal analyses indicate a variable fitness cost among the resistance genes and show that allele replacement has been the primary mechanism of resistance evolution in this area. It is also shown that replacement was probably due to environmental changes corresponding to modification in pesticide-treatment intensity.

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Testing the unique amplification event and the worldwide migration hypothesis of insecticide resistance genes with sequence data

Cited by 66 publications

References 34 publications

Initial frequency of alleles conferring resistance toBacillus thuringiensispoplar in a field population ofChrysomela tremulae

Initial frequency of alleles conferring resistance toBacillus thuringiensispoplar in a field population ofChrysomela tremulae

Insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens: What have we learned about adaptation?

EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE INCULEX PIPIENS: ALLELE REPLACEMENT AND CHANGING ENVIRONMENT

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