Testing the race model inequality: An algorithm and computer programs

Ulrich, Rolf; Miller, Jeff; Schröter, Hannes

doi:10.3758/bf03193160

Cited by 186 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…All calculations followed the algorithm for testing the independent-race model inequality (Ulrich, Miller, & Schröter, 2007). First, the 100 RTs generated by each participant for all target trials were sorted in ascending order to estimate 19 percentiles (the 5th through the 95th, at fivepercentage-point intervals).…”

Section: General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interactions between facial emotion and identity in face processing: Evidence based on redundancy gains

Yankouskaya

Booth

Humphreys

2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Interactions between the processing of emotion expression and form-based information from faces (facial identity) were investigated using the redundant-target paradigm, in which we specifically tested whether identity and emotional expression are integrated in a superadditive manner (Miller, Cognitive Psychology 14:247-279, 1982). In Experiments 1 and 2, participants performed emotion and face identity judgments on faces with sad or angry emotional expressions. Responses to redundant targets were faster than responses to either single target when a universal emotion was conveyed, and performance violated the predictions from a model assuming independent processing of emotion and face identity. Experiment 4 showed that these effects were not modulated by varying interstimulus and nontarget contingencies, and Experiment 5 demonstrated that the redundancy gains were eliminated when faces were inverted. Taken together, these results suggest that the identification of emotion and facial identity interact in face processing.

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Section: General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To produce the sum of CDFs for I and E trials, RTs for these trials were pooled together, and 19 quantiles were estimated on the basis of only the fastest 100 of the 200 trials. All calculations were conducted using a MATLAB script for computing the independentrace model test (Ulrich et al, 2007).…”

Section: General Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between facial emotion and identity in face processing: Evidence based on redundancy gains

Yankouskaya

Booth

Humphreys

2012

Atten Percept Psychophys

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“…Analyses of RT were carried out to test the race model inequality (for an exact description of the procedure see Ulrich, Miller, & Schröter, 2007; for bias corrections, see Kiesel, Miller, & Ulrich, 2007). The race model inequality was not violated in any condition, so the redundancy gain observed in this experiment could be consistent with race models as well as with coactivation models.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of contingency manipulations on accessory stimulus effects

Kiesel

Miller

2007

Perception & Psychophysics

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Accessory tone stimuli facilitate response performance despite being irrelevant for the current task. In order to investigate which processes are affected by accessory stimuli, we presented accessory tones in a simple response time (RT) task while varying the contingencies between accessory stimulation and either responses (Experiment 1) or stimulus conditions (Experiment 2). Accessory tones speeded up responding to a larger degree when they were conjointly presented within go compared with no-go trials. In contrast, contingency variation with stimulus conditions did not alter the impact of accessory stimuli. Additionally, accessory tones increased response force. Thus, we conclude that in simple RT tasks accessory tones influence response-related stages such as response selection and response execution rather than perceptual processes.

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“…95%) for each participant. Race model violations occur if the difference B -D is significantly positive, which is evaluated by computing a separate paired t-test at each percentile across participants, and type I errors are avoided by using Bonferroni corrections (Ulrich et al, 2007). The race model inequality is rejected, and coactivation must be accepted if there is a significant violation of the inequality at any percentile.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Data analysis An algorithm developed by Ulrich, Miller, and Schrötter (2007),which does not require any large number of observations and allows the results to be aggregated across participants, was used to perform the race model evaluation. The algorithm estimates empirical CDFs for each participant and every stimulus condition and calculates the race model boundary B by adding the corresponding single-feature CDFs (right side of inequality 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motion and color generate coactivation at postgrouping identification stages

Poom

2011

Atten Percept Psychophys

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Response times (RTs) were measured in a postgrouping visual identification task. Shapes composed of multiple elements were distinguished by color, motion, orientation, and spatial frequency alone or in pairwise conjunctions. The largest amount of redundancy gain, requiring coactivation as revealed by a race model analysis, was obtained with color-motion conjunctions. In contrast, RTs for a pregrouping detection task using the same target shape as in the identification task, distinguished by color, motion, or a conjunction of these features, showed no evidence for coactivation. The results provide psychophysical evidence for coactivation of color and motion signals in cortical regions specialized for grouping and object identification, as opposed to separate processing of these features in cortical area V1, believed to limit performance in visual search and pregrouping detection.

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Testing the race model inequality: An algorithm and computer programs

Cited by 186 publications

References 27 publications

Interactions between facial emotion and identity in face processing: Evidence based on redundancy gains

Interactions between facial emotion and identity in face processing: Evidence based on redundancy gains

Impact of contingency manipulations on accessory stimulus effects

Motion and color generate coactivation at postgrouping identification stages

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