Testing the Identifiable Victim Effect With Both Animal and Human Victims in Anti-Littering Messages

Plastic Littering and Waste Management in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: Exploring the Snack-Food Consumer Littering and Responsibility towards the Environment.

“…Tanyanyiwa (2015) in commenting on different dimension of human behavior, asserts that accumulated litter attracts more litter such that people tend to litter already littered environments. Perrault et al (2015) corroborate the Tanyanyiwa's assertions by explaining how a sheer availability of litter in attracts a custom of higher litter tolerance levels, such that individuals are enticed to further the littering. littering costs government, a lot of money since a higher municipal rate is needed to employ more cleaning workers.…”

“…Furusa (2015) from an African perspective supports the above assertions that littering and consumer behavior in South Africa are of serious concern. Littering remains a major contributor to visual pollution; thus, littering can be responsible for the security and ecological risks in an African society (Khan & Ghouri, 2011;Perrault et al, 2015). The typhoid and cholera epidemic which occurred in Zimbabwe during 2011 and 2012 was linked to consumer-city littering (Tanyanyiwa, 2015).…”

“…littering costs government, a lot of money since a higher municipal rate is needed to employ more cleaning workers. Chitotombe (2014) mentions that littering reduces the artistic worth of the normal place or setting which results in an unwarranted cleanup cost, as well as reduce tourism prospects (Perrault et al, 2015). Banerjee and Srivastava (2012) state that the plastics discarded into pits or covered with sand become mummified and remain there for a long time as pollution.…”

“…The current rate of species loss, including primates to which humankind belongs, is estimated at 100 to 1,000 times more than what is regarded natural and has likely exceeded a planetary boundary in which species provide ecosystem resilience (Quinn, 2012). The United States spends over $11.5 billion annually to clean-up littering, and to avert the threat it has on the environment (Perrault et al, 2015). The question that arises is what the individual African nations would do in this regard.…”

Assessing threats, regulations, and strategies to abate plastic pollution in LAC beaches during COVID-19 pandemic

“…Because of their implementation and maintenance low costs, long-range and higher availability visual messages are one of the better options for locations with a high touristic demand, where face-to-face communication is challenging. This tool is widely utilized for positive attitude influence in visitors' behavior ( Perrault et al, 2015 ; Sukaatmaja, 2020 ). Furthermore, considering that the population still has restricted access to coasts and enhanced internet access and cell phone applications, combined with the social distancing scenario and enhanced awareness of governmental rules, could build an excellent opportunity to reset coastal social behavior.…”