Testing the fidelity of thermometers at ultrahigh temperatures

Abstract

A highly residual granulite facies rock (sample RG07‐21) from Lunnyj Island in the Rauer Group, East Antarctica, presents an opportunity to compare different approaches to constraining peak temperature in high‐grade metamorphic rocks. Sample RG07‐21 is a coarse‐grained pelitic migmatite composed of abundant garnet and orthopyroxene along with quartz, biotite, cordierite, and plagioclase with accessory rutile, ilmenite, zircon, and monazite. The inferred sequence of mineral growth is consistent with a clockwise pressure–temperature (P–T) evolution when compared with a forward model (P–T pseudosection) for the whole‐rock chemical composition. Peak metamorphic conditions are estimated at 9 ± 0.5 kbar and 910 ± 50°C based on conventional Al‐in‐orthopyroxene thermobarometry, Zr‐in‐rutile thermometry, and calculated compositional isopleths. U–Pb ages from zircon rims and neocrystallized monazite grains yield ages of c. 514 Ma, suggesting that crystallization of both minerals occurred towards the end of the youngest pervasive metamorphic episode in the region known as the Prydz Tectonic Event. The rare earth element compositions of zircon and garnet are consistent with equilibrium growth of these minerals in the presence of melt. When comparing the thermometry methods used in this study, it is apparent that the Al‐in‐orthopyroxene thermobarometer provides the most reliable estimate of peak conditions. There is a strong textural correlation between the temperatures obtained using the Zr‐in‐rutile thermometer––maximum temperatures are recorded by a single rutile grain included within orthopyroxene, whereas other grains included in garnet, orthopyroxene, quartz, and biotite yield a range of temperatures down to 820°C. Ti‐in‐zircon thermometry returns significantly lower temperature estimates of 678–841°C. Estimates at the upper end of this range are consistent with growth of zircon from crystallizing melt at temperatures close to the elevated (H2O undersaturated) solidus. Those estimates, significantly lower than the calculated temperature of this residual solidus, may reflect isolation of rutile from the effective equilibration volume leading to an activity of TiO2 that is lower than the assumed value of unity.

MetamorphicP‒Tpaths and Zircon U–Pb ages of Archean ultra‐high temperature paragneisses from the Qian’an gneiss dome, East Hebei terrane, North China Craton

“…(c) The trace element thermometers such as Ti–in–zircon (Ferry & Watson, ) and Zr‐in‐rutile (Ferry & Watson, ; Tomkins, Powell, & Ellis, ) strongly correlate with textural occurrence of zircon and rutile and occasionally yield UHT conditions for some granulites (e.g. Ague, Eckert, Chu, Baxter, & Chamberlain, ; Clark et al, ; Liu, Li, & Santosh, ). (d) The Al‐in‐orthopyroxene thermometer can provide reliable estimates of peak conditions in Al‐saturated rocks (Clark et al, ; Harley & Motoyoshi, ).…”

“…Ague, Eckert, Chu, Baxter, & Chamberlain, ; Clark et al, ; Liu, Li, & Santosh, ). (d) The Al‐in‐orthopyroxene thermometer can provide reliable estimates of peak conditions in Al‐saturated rocks (Clark et al, ; Harley & Motoyoshi, ). Moreover, the contents of grossular in garnet and anorthite in plagioclase in P–T pseudosections have much higher potentials for recording UHT conditions than other elements (e.g.…”

Hybrid phase equilibria modelling with conventional and trace element thermobarometry to assess the P–T evolution of UHT granulites: An example from the Highland Complex, Sri Lanka

“…Recently, Clark et al. (2019) attempted to estimate the peak metamorphic condition from a highly residual granulite facies migmatitic rock from Lunnyy Island in the Rauer Group, East Antarctica, using multiple thermobarometric approaches. A clockwise P–T path was inferred from sequence of mineral growth with a phase equilibria modelling for the whole‐rock chemical composition.…”

Ultrahigh-temperature granulite-facies metamorphism and exhumation of deep crust in a migmatite dome during late- to post-orogenic collapse and extension in the central Adirondack Highlands (New York, USA)

“…Titanium-in-zircon thermometry has been used widely to estimate peak conditions in granulites and UHT granulites, but temperature results commonly fall on the retrograde path (e.g., Baldwin et al, 2007;Ewing et al, 2013;Kelsey and Hand, 2015;Clark et al, 2019). Clark et al (2019) reported that Ti-in-zircon thermometry applied to granulites from East Antarctica returned temperatures ~70-230 °C lower than estimated peak temperatures of 910 ± 50 °C based on Al-in-orthopyroxene thermobarometry, Zr-inrutile thermometry, and phase equilibria modeling combined with calculated compositional isopleths.…”

“…Titanium-in-zircon thermometry has been used widely to estimate peak conditions in granulites and UHT granulites, but temperature results commonly fall on the retrograde path (e.g., Baldwin et al, 2007;Ewing et al, 2013;Kelsey and Hand, 2015;Clark et al, 2019). Clark et al (2019) reported that Ti-in-zircon thermometry applied to granulites from East Antarctica returned temperatures ~70-230 °C lower than estimated peak temperatures of 910 ± 50 °C based on Al-in-orthopyroxene thermobarometry, Zr-inrutile thermometry, and phase equilibria modeling combined with calculated compositional isopleths. Several studies of UHT granulites show that zircon crystallization takes place on the retrograde cooling path, resulting in Ti-in-zircon temperatures below peak conditions as documented by phase equilibrium modeling, Zr-in-rutile thermometry, and reaction microtextures between sapphirine and quartz, for example (Baldwin et al, 2007;Ewing et al, 2013;Kelsey and Hand, 2015;Clark et al, 2019).…”